关键词： COVID-19   Epilepsy   Epilepsy monitoring unit   Video-EEG   EEG   SURGERY   MISDIAGNOSIS   MORTALITY  

摘要： Restructuring of healthcare services during the COVID-19 pandemic has led to lockdown of Epilepsy Monitoring Units (EMUS) in many hospitals. The ad-hoc taskforce of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN) highlights the detrimental effect of postponing video-EEG monitoring of patients with epilepsy and other paroxysmal events. The taskforce calls for action to continue functioning of Epilepsy Monitoring Units during emergency situations, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Long-term video-EEG monitoring is an essential diagnostic service. Access to video-EEG monitoring of the patients in the EMUS must be given high priority. Patients should be screened for COVID-19, before admission, according to the local regulations. Local policies for COVID-19 infection control should be adhered to during the video-EEG monitoring. In cases of differential diagnosis where reduction of antiseizure medication is not required, consider home video-EEG monitoring as an alternative in selected patients. (C) 2021 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology Inc. and International League Against Epilepsy. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Electroencephalography   History of neurology   Kluver-Bucy syndrome   Mu rhythm  

摘要： This article provides a biographic and scientific profile of prof. Hrayr Terzian (Addis Abeba 1925-Verona 1988). In 1966, Terzian was appointed professor of the clinic of nervous and mental diseases in Cagliari, and in 1970 moved to Verona, where until his death he led the Neurology Clinic serving as the first rector of the local university. As a close friend of the psychiatrist Franco Basaglia (1924-1980), Terzian contributed to the reform of the Italian mental health system. His interests and scientific contributions were extremely broad. He was the first to describe the electroencephalographic changes induced by the antipsychotic chlorpromazine and, together with Henri Gastaut (1915-1995) and his wife Yvette, to describe the rolandic arched ("mu") rhythm. He contributed to elucidate the inhibitory mechanisms of the cerebellum on the antigravity postural tone and provided the first description of Kluver-Bucy syndrome in humans. Always attentive to the social and political aspects of medical practice, prof. Terzian achieved outstanding results both in experimental neurophysiology and in clinical neurology. Besides offering a tribute to Hrayr Terzian, this article provides a brief historical overview of the different clinical pictures caused by bilateral temporal lesions: from the first animal observations by Sanger Brown (1852-1928) and sir Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer (1850-1935), later confirmed and expanded upon by Heinrich Kluver (1897-1979) and Paul C. Bucy (1904-1992), to the first cases of bitemporal lesions in humans, including that of the famous patient H.M. (Henry Gustav Molaison, 1926-2008).

关键词： Amygdala   Social behavior   Primate social neurophysiology   Multidimensional processing   Multidimensional neural selectivity   Value   Valence   Single unit neurophysiology   ORBITAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX   VALUE-BASED DECISIONS   RHESUS-MONKEYS FAIL   CORTICAL AREAS TE   FACIAL EXPRESSIONS   CENTRAL NUCLEUS   CHOLINERGIC PROJECTIONS   ORBITOFRONTAL CORTEX   BASOLATERAL AMYGDALA   VISUAL RESPONSES  

摘要： Located medially within the temporal lobes, the amygdala is a formation of heterogenous nuclei that has emerged as a target for investigations into the neural bases of both primitive and complex behaviors. Although modern neuroscience has eschewed the practice of assigning broad functions to distinct brain regions, the amygdala has classically been associated with regulating negative emotional processes (such as fear or aggression), primarily through research performed in rodent models. Contemporary studies, particularly those in nonhuman primate models, have provided evidence for a role of the amygdala in other aspects of cognition such as valuation of stimuli or shaping social behaviors. Consequently, many modern perspectives now also emphasize the amygdala's role in processing positive affect and social behaviors. Importantly, several recent experiments have examined the intersection of two seemingly autonomous domains; how both valence/value and social stimuli are simultaneously represented in the amygdala. Results from these studies suggest that there is an overlap between valence/value processing and the processing of social behaviors at the level of single neurons. These findings have prompted researchers investigating the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying social interactions to question what contributions reward-related processes in the amygdala make in shaping social behaviors. In this review, we will examine evidence, primarily from primate neurophysiology, suggesting that value-related processes in the amygdala interact with the processing of social stimuli, and explore holistic hypotheses about how these amygdalar interactions might be instantiated.

关键词： 神经解剖学   神经外科学   教研室主任   神经生理学   上海医学院   中山医院   人体解剖学   医学院院长  

摘要： 由耶鲁大学神经学、神经生理学及神经外科学教授哈尔·布鲁门菲尔德(Hal Blumenfeld)编著,空军军医大学人体解剖与组织胚胎学教研室暨梁銶琚脑研究中心主任李云庆教授,西北大学医学院院长、西北大学神经病学系主任、西北大学脑科学研究中心主任赵钢教授,复旦大学附属中山医院党委书记、复旦大学上海医学院神经病学系主任汪昕教授,以及大连医科大学人体解剖学教研室主任隋鸿锦教授共同主译的《临床神经解剖学:病例解析》已于2021年3月由天津科技翻译出版有限公司出版。

摘要： Functional movement disorders are best diagnosed by positive features. Much can be done with the clinical examination, but often there are ambiguities. Further positive evidence can be obtained with clinical neurophysiology which can then lead to a “laboratory supported” diagnosis. The two entities for which clinical neurophysiology is useful are myoclonus and tremor. Functional tremor may well exhibit variability in frequency at different times or excessive fluctuations in the short term. The tremor might be in-phase in two different limbs, and this should not be the case except for orthostatic tremor. The tremor might entrain or be altered in frequency with tapping with another limb or be briefly interrupted by a quick movement of another limb. There might be a co-contraction sign where there is a co-contraction prior to the development of tremor. For functional myoclonus, the EMG activity shows long bursts of activity and often inconsistency with different jerks. EEG back-averaging can show a normal looking Bereitschaftspotential prior to the jerk. Comparison with a voluntary mimic or other voluntary movement is often valuable to see what the Bereitschaftspotential looks like in that individual. When the myoclonus is stimulus sensitive, the responses look like voluntary reaction time movements both in latency and variability. TMS can be used in functional paresis to demonstrate a normal pathway from motor cortex to muscle. Interestingly, this technique has sometimes also been therapeutic. Another feature of the TMS response in functional paresis is that the MEP amplitude decreases with movement imagination of that muscle. Since ordinarily imagination produces facilitation, this shows a high level inhibition of movement in the brain.

关键词： 应用型人才   植物生理学实验课   教学改革   创新思维能力   实践应用能力  

摘要： 首先分析植物生理学实验教学中存在的问题,并提出相应的教学改革方案;其次引进先进的实验教学仪器以利学生跟上学科的发展;最后增设实践课时,安排学生进入植物园、产业园等进行实践锻炼,促进学生将所学的知识和生产实践和科学研究结合起来。植物生理学实验教学的改革对培养学生创新思维和实践应用能力的提升及应用型人才的培养具有积极的意义。

摘要： Introduction. In an age where social media is prevalent and long hours are spent browsing through the internet, it is crucial to understand audience engagement. Two of the most common platforms used worldwide are Twitter and Facebook. Both have provided a unique opportunity for the science world; it broadened the horizons for spreading information on current endeavors in the research world. Clinical Neurophysiology and Clinical Neurophysiology Practice, the Official Journals of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, opened the Twitter and Facebook pages on April 1, 2020. We determined what factors would alter users’ engagement. Methods. We employed a multivariate regression analysis. The tested predictor variables included ‘days elapsed since the opening (range: 1–100)’, ‘posting during weekend’, ‘introduction of a 2020 article’, ‘author interview’, ‘inclusion of guidelines or review article’, ‘COVID19-related information’, ‘number of hashtags’, ‘number of attachments’, ‘presence of colored attachment’, and ‘attachment of movie’. The dependent variable was the proportion of engaged users, defined as the number of link clicks divided by users who saw the post. Results. Posts including author interviews (p < 0.001) and those introducing guidelines/review articles (p = 0.005) independently increased the proportion of engaged Facebook users. Conversely, posts including a larger number of colored attachments (p < 0.001) and those introducing COVID19-related articles (p = 0.007) independently increased the proportion of engaged Twitter users. Conclusion. Different types of posts attracted Facebook and Twitter users. Facebook users were specifically engaged with interview-based posts. Facebook users might be willing to read through lengthy posts to understand the authors’ stories behind the study. In contrast, Twitter users might want to absorb essential information with a glance.

关键词： corticoreticulospinal tract   corticospinal tract   chronic stroke   ipsilateral motor evoked potential   transcranial magnetic stimulation   upper extremity   TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION   PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX   MEDULLARY RETICULAR-FORMATION   UPPER-LIMB MUSCLES   BRAIN-STEM   FUNCTIONAL-ORGANIZATION   SHOULDER MUSCLES   RETICULOSPINAL CONTRIBUTIONS   CORTICOSPINAL TRACT   DESCENDING PATHWAYS  

摘要： Key points The corticoreticulospinal tract (CReST) is a descending motor pathway that reorganizes after corticospinal tract (CST) injury in animals. In humans, the pattern of CReST innervation to upper limb muscles has not been carefully examined in healthy individuals or individuals with CST injury. In the present study, we assessed CReST projections to an arm and hand muscle on the same side of the body in healthy and chronic stoke subjects using transcranial magnetic stimulation. We show that CReST connection strength to the muscles differs between healthy and stroke subjects, with stronger connections to the hand than arm in healthy subjects, and stronger connections to the arm than hand in stroke subjects. These results help us better understand CReST innervation patterns in the upper limb, and may point to its role in normal motor function and motor recovery in humans. The corticoreticulospinal tract (CReST) is a major descending motor pathway in many animals, but little is known about its innervation patterns in proximal and distal upper extremity muscles in humans. The contralesional CReST furthermore reorganizes after corticospinal tract (CST) injury in animals, but it is less clear whether CReST innervation changes after stroke in humans. We thus examined CReST functional connectivity, connection strength, and modulation in an arm and hand muscle of healthy (n = 15) and chronic stroke (n = 16) subjects. We delivered transcranial magnetic stimulation to the contralesional hemisphere (assigned in healthy subjects) to elicit ipsilateral motor evoked potentials (iMEPs) from the paretic biceps (BIC) and first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle. We operationalized CReST functional connectivity as iMEP presence/absence, CReST projection strength as iMEP size and CReST modulation as change in iMEP size by head rotation. We found comparable CReST functional connectivity to the BICs and FDIs in both subject groups. However, the pattern of CReST connection strength to

关键词： physiology of slippage   reflexes   sensorimotor control loop   touch   upper limb prostheses   PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX   LATENCY STRETCH REFLEX   FORCE CONTROL   PRECISION GRIP   TACTILE SPEED   FINGERTIP FORCES   LOAD FORCE   OBJECT MANIPULATION   GLABROUS SKIN   CUTANEOUS MECHANORECEPTORS  

摘要： Sensory feedback is pivotal for a proficient dexterity of the hand. By modulating the grip force in function of the quick and not completely predictable change of the load force, grabbed objects are prevented to slip from the hand. Slippage control is an enabling achievement to all manipulation abilities. However, in hand prosthetics, the performance of even the most innovative research solutions proposed so far to control slippage remain distant from the human physiology. Indeed, slippage control involves parallel and compensatory activation of multiple mechanoceptors, spinal and supraspinal reflexes, and higher-order voluntary behavioral adjustments. In this work, we reviewed the literature on physiological correlates of slippage to propose a three-phases model for the slip sensation and reaction. Furthermore, we discuss the main strategies employed so far in the research studies that tried to restore slippage control in amputees. In the light of the proposed three-phase slippage model and from the weaknesses of already implemented solutions, we proposed several physiology-inspired solutions for slippage control to be implemented in the future hand prostheses. Understanding the physiological basis of slip detection and perception and implementing them in novel hand feedback system would make prosthesis manipulation more efficient and would boost its perceived naturalness, fostering the sense of agency for the hand movements.

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