关键词： 梦   心理学   人口学   潜意识   神经电生理学  

摘要： 本文从心理学和神经电生理学两方面综述了梦的研究现状. 释梦-古老话题 人对梦的陈述与解释,可以追溯至人类史早期.古人对梦持有强烈兴趣这一事实本身远比他们的释梦内容重要.对梦,古人可谓欲知而不能,因而他们对梦的解释摆脱不了神学和玄学的阴影.表1列出一些代表性观点.

关键词： 含锌神经元   锌   神经元   突触功能   神经生理学  

摘要： 30多年 (1 967年 )前 ,Haug首次发现了含锌突触前囊泡 ,尽管这个发现经常被人忽视 ,但 Haug实际上不仅描述了富锌的海马苔状纤维 ,还详细描述了海马体、颞叶和整个端脑的含锌神经元环路。而且由 Dan-scher和 Haug领导的 Aarhus小组还描述了手术横切后 ,锌从苔状纤维小结的快速释放 ,以及锌螯合物对含锌神经元的生理学和组织学影响。几十年来 ,人们对含锌神经元的认识有了突飞猛进的进展。首先 ,我们提起这些神经元再也没有必要用“Timm染色金属阳性的神经元”这样拗口的词汇。因为在哺乳动物前脑轴突小结中可以染色的金属无疑是锌。此外 ,Aarhus小组在 70年代和 80年代所概述的含锌神经元环路解剖组织结构 ,正逐渐通过新的更加有效染色方法、“自动金属图示”和锌特异性转移再次证实细微描述(并扩展到人脑 )。锌的隔离和泵入高尔基体分泌囊泡的分子生物学正成为人们关注的焦点。隔离脑内锌和将锌泵入囊泡的特异性蛋白和基因已被确认、测序和克隆。在神经元远端 ,突触囊泡中锌的贮存、胞泌释放及再摄取的机理也正在逐步阐明。穿过突触后侧调节兴奋性和抑制性氨基酸受体的锌特异性别位点 ,也被鉴明并阐明其特点为具...

关键词： ENGLISH sparrow   PHYSIOLOGY   INGESTION   BIRDS -- Infancy  

摘要： Six decades of studies have speculated that digestive capacity might limit avian growth rate or that developmental changes in the gut might determine developmental changes in digestive efficiency. However, there are no studies on digestive enzymes during avian development, except for studies on mainly domestic birds that exhibit the precocial mode of development. We studied alimentary organ masses, intestinal enzyme activities (sucrase, maltase, isomaltase, aminopeptidase-N), and pancreatic enzyme activities (amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin) during development of a wild passerine bird exhibiting the altricial mode of development. Wild nestling house sparrows were studied immediately after removal from the nest (days 0, 3, 6 of age;day 0 = hatch), whereas captives were raised in the laboratory beginning day 3 on a formulated casein/starch-based diet until fledging age (after day 12). Digestive biochemistry was dynamic. Tissue-specific activities of some digestive enzymes continued to increase through fledging, by > 10 times in some cases (e.g., sucrase and maltase in midintestine). Total pancreatic amylase activity increased 100 times between hatch and day 12 through a combination of increases in tissue-specific activity and pancreas mass. House sparrows differ from poultry, in whom after about 2 wk of age the specific activity of intestinal and pancreatic digestive enzymes is generally constant or declines during development. The data on intestinal and pancreatic enzymes help explain why digestive efficiency of nestling house sparrows improves with age, and the data seem consistent with the idea that digestive capacity might limit feeding rate and hence growth rate.

关键词： visual neuroscience   visual neurophysiology   single neuron electrophysiology   primate and cat visual system   cornea   contact lenses  

摘要： Neurophysiologists have been investigating the responses of neurons in the visual system for the past half-century using monkeys and cats that are anesthetized and paralyzed, with the non-blinking eyelids open for prolonged periods of time. Impermeable plastic contact lenses have been used to prevent dehydration of the corneal epithelium, which would otherwise occur in minutes. Unfortunately, such lenses rapidly introduce a variety of abnormal states that lead to clouding of the cornea, degradation of the retinal image, and premature termination of the experiment. To extend the viability of such preparations, a new protocol for maintenance of corneal health has been developed. The protocol uses rigid gas permeable contact lenses designed to maximize gas transmission, rigorous sterile methods, and a variety of methods for sustaining and monitoring the overall physiology of the animal. The effectiveness of the protocol was evaluated clinically by ophthalmoscopy before, during, and after the experiments, which lasted 8-10 days. Histopathology and quantitative histology were performed on the corneas following the experiment. Our observations showed that this protocol permits continuous contact lens wear without adversely affecting the corneas. Thus, it is possible to collect data 24 h each day, for the entire duration of the experiment. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： networked databases   electrophysiology   Neurophysiology   internet  

摘要： We have implemented a pair of database projects, one serving cortical electrophysiology and the other invertebrate neurones and recordings. The design for each combines aspects of two proven schemes for information interchange. The journal article metaphor determined the type, scope, organization and quantity of data to comprise each submission. Sequence databases encouraged intuitive tools for data viewing, capture, and direct submission by authors. Neurophysiology required transcending these models with new datatypes. Time-series, histogram and bivariate datatypes, including illustration-like wrappers, were selected by their utility to the community of investigators. As interpretation of neurophysiological recordings depends on context supplied by metadata attributes, searches are via visual interfaces to sets of controlled-vocabulary metadata trees. Neurones, for example, can be specified by metadata describing functional and anatomical characteristics. Permanence is advanced by data model and data formats largely independent of contemporary technology or implementation, including Java and the XML standard. All user tools, including dynamic data viewers that serve as a virtual oscilloscope, are Java-based, free, multiplatform, and distributed by our application servers to any contemporary networked computer. Copyright is retained by submitters;viewer displays are dynamic and do not violate copyright of related journal figures. Panels of neurophysiologists view and test schemas and tools, enhancing community support.

关键词： 诈病   监测   心理生理学   多导生理测量仪   鉴别  

摘要： 目的　探讨运用多导生理测量仪协助鉴别诈病的可能性。方法　采用国产PG 7型多道生理测量仪对 1 5例疑有诈病者进行检测 ,并进行随访。结果　在 1 5例中 ,2例呈现说谎反应 ,其中1例考虑为诈病 ,1例考虑无精神病症状 ;另 1例对所有测题均呈现相同的低波反应 ,分析可能因器质性精神障碍致其不能理解提问 ,余 1 2例未呈现说谎反应 ,分别诊断为精神分裂症、无精神病等 ;这一结果与随访结果一致。结论　多导生理测量仪对于鉴定器质性精神障碍及诈病有特殊作用。

关键词： Brain Mapping   Cerebral Cortex   Cognition   Motion Perception   Psychophysiology   脑图   大脑皮质   认知   运动知觉   心理生理学   Psychophysiology   Comprehension   Brain Mapping   Cerebral Cortex   senses   Perception   Motion Perception   Intelligence   Cognition  

摘要： Humans have an inherent tendency to infer other people's intentions from their actions. Here we review psychophysical and functional neuroimaging evidence that biological motion is processed as a special category, from which we automatically infer mental states such as intention. The mechanism underlying the attribution of intentions to actions might rely on simulating the observed action and mapping it onto representations of our own intentions. There is accumulating neurophysiological evidence to support a role for action simulation in the brain.

关键词： neurophysiology   neurotransmitter   central control  

摘要： Despite considerable advances, both the central regulation of erection with processing of various stimuli, and the different steps involved in neurotransmission, impulse propagation and intracellular transduction of neural signals in penile smooth muscles, are still incompletely known. Centrally as well as peripherally, many transmitters and transmitter systems are involved. Dopamine, nitric oxide, oxytocin and ACTH/alpha -MSH, seem to have a facilitatory role, whereas serotonin may be either facilitatory or inhibitory, and enkephalins are inhibitory. Peripherally, the balance between contractant (eg noradrenaline, endothelins, angiotensins) and relaxant (eg NO, VIP and related peptides, prostanoids) factors controls the degree of contraction of the smooth muscle of the corpora cavernosa, and determines the functional state of the penis. Neurogenic NO is considered the most important factor for relaxation of penile vessels and corpus cavernosum. The roles of other putative transmitters/mediators and of various intracellular mechanisms, producing relaxation of vascular and corpus cavernosum smooth muscle, have not been established. For example, recent findings have suggested a role of Rho/Rho-kinase in the regulation of cavernosal tone, and that Rho-kinase antagonism could be a new potential principle for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Further research in this area may be rewarding.

关键词： bulbocavernosus reflex   electrical stimulation   interventional neurophysiology   intraoperative monitoring   sacral roots  

摘要： Clinical neurophysiological tests have been introduced for the sacral neuromuscular system to aid with diagnosis of neurogenic conditions involving the lower urinary tract, anorectal and sexual dysfunction. The tests have, however, the potential to be of value In different interventions outside of the neuro physiological laboratory. EMG monitoring can be used for exact application of botulinum toxin by the relatively non-invasive transcutaneous approach in treatment of male detrusor sphincter dyssynergia. Checking for compound muscle action potentials of the external anal sphincter is proposed as the best method for exact placement of wire electrodes close to the 3rd sacral roots in treating lower urinary tract dysfunction by 'neuromodulation'. Presently the most established use of clinical neurophysiological techniques - outside the laboratory - as related to the sacral neuromuscular system Is in the operating theatre. These tests have been introduced to identify relevant structures, for instance pudendal afferents within dorsal sacral roots, which should be spared during rhizotomy procedures for treatment of spasticity. Modified techniques are used intraoperatively to monitor the integrity of the lower sacral reflex arc (the bulbocavernosus reflex) or the lower sacral afferents throughout the spinal cord (pudendal SEP). Clinical neurophysiological tests are expected to become established in several Interventions involving the sacral neuromuscular system. (C) 2001 Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS.

关键词： calcium   fluorescence   genetics   green fluorescent   protein   membrane potential   neural circuits   neural populations   optical imaging   protein   engineering-synaptic transmission  

摘要： Information in nervous systems is often carried by neural ensembles - groups of neurons in transient functional linkage - and written in a code that involves the spatial locations of active neurons or synapses and the times at which activity occurs. Even in favorable neuroanatomical circumstances, studying neural ensemble function presents a serious experimental challenge. One recent strategy to overcome this challenge relies on protein-based sensors that provide direct optical images of neural activity, and on protein-based effectors that interfere with it. Because these molecules are encodable in DNA, they can be introduced into intact animals by genetic manipulation, and their expression pattern can be tailored to include - exclusively and at the same time comprehensively - the neurons of interest. Circumscribed populations of neurons can thus be studied in virtual isolation at defined stages of intact neural pathways.