关键词： median nerve   nerve injury   carpal tunnel syndrome   electromyography   vibrometry  

摘要： Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a constellation of symptoms associated with compression of the median nerve at the wrist. The pathophysiology of CTS is not fully understood but mechanical aspects of injury within the carpal tunnel are most likely. The issues of ischemia, mechanical trauma, ectopic impulse generation, demyelination, tendonitis, elevated carpal tunnel pressure, mechanical factors, small and large fiber involvement and the variability of symptoms are presented. Documentation of neurophysiologic abnormalities in the median nerve is helpful to establish the diagnosis for CTS. There are several types of clinical neurophysiologic evaluations of the median nerve across the wrist. Sensory and motor nerve conduction studies (NCS) of the median nerve segment across the wrist compared to another nerve segment that does not go through the carpal tunnel (i.e. median, radial, or ulnar) are the most sensitive and accurate techniques. Other neurophysiologic techniques used to document CTS include vibrometry threshold testing, current perception testing, Semmes-Weinstein monofilament testing and two-point discrimination. These techniques have considerable subjective components and have not been found to be as sensitive as traditional NCS. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： NEUROPHYSIOLOGY   CELLULAR control mechanisms   EYE  

摘要： Predicting the consequences of our actions is essential for sensorimotor control. A candidate neural pathway underlying the prediction of eye position during saccades has been reported.

关键词： 应用   素质教育   脑科学   长时记忆   脑结构   教育心理学   神经生理学  

摘要： 综述中枢神经生理学研究的若干进展 。

关键词： 南方鲇   消化道   组织形态学   组织结构   消化生理学   食道   胃  

摘要： 应用组织学技术,对鲇形目南方鲇的消化道组织结构进行了系统的研究.结果表明,食道、胃和肠壁内突形成明显的粘膜皱褶.食道壁肌肉层极厚,并为横纹肌;胃、肠壁的肌肉层为平滑肌,胃盲囊部、幽门部的肌肉层明显比贲门部厚,肠前段的环肌层较中段厚,后段的环肌层最厚.胃腺发达,贲门部的胃腺较厚,从盲囊部下段至幽门部,胃腺逐渐减少至消失.食道近胃贲门处,贲门部和胃幽门部的粘膜下层有丰富的致密结缔组织,且有众多分支伸入肌肉层,逐渐分支变细直达肌肉细胞之间,彼此联结成网状,该结构在鱼类消化道中尚未见报道.

关键词： .lateral prefrontal cortex   same category   visual categorization   morphing  

摘要： The ability to group stimuli into meaningful categories is a fundamental cognitive process. To explore its neuronal basis, we trained monkeys to categorize computer-generated stimuli as "cats" and "dogs." A morphing system was used to systematically vary stimulus shape and precisely define a category boundary. Psychophysical testing and analysis of eye movements suggest that the monkeys categorized the stimuli by attending to multiple stimulus features. Neuronal activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex reflected the category of visual stimuli and changed with learning when a monkey was retrained with the same stimuli assigned to new categories. Further, many neurons showed activity that appeared to reflect the monkey's decision about whether two stimuli were from the same category or not. These results suggest that the lateral prefrontal cortex is an important part of the neuronal circuitry underlying category learning and category-based behaviors.

关键词： ACh, acetylcholine   AEP, auditory evoked potential   ANS, autonomic nervous system   ARAS, ascending reticular activating system   BAEP, brainstem auditory evoked potential   BSRF, brainstem reticular formation   CBF, cerebral blood flow   CSF, cerebrospinal fluid   DAI, diffuse axonal injury   DTPS, diffuse thalamic projection system   EAA, excitatory amino acid   ECS, electroconvulsive shock   ECT, electroconvulsive therapy   EEG, electroencephalogram   EP, evoked potential   FVEP, flash visual evoked potential   GSA, generalized seizure activity   HRP, horseradish peroxidase   ICP, intracranial pressure   MRI, magnetic resonance imaging   PASAT, paced auditory serial addition task   PDS, paroxysmal depolarization shift   PVS, persistent vegetative state   REM, rapid eye movement   SEP, somatosensory evoked potential   TBI, traumatic brain injury   TTX, tetrodotoxin  

摘要： Cerebral concussion is both the most common and most puzzling type of traumatic brain injury (TBI). It is normally produced by acceleration (or deceleration) of the head and is characterized by a sudden brief impairment of consciousness, paralysis of reflex activity and loss of memory. It has long been acknowledged that one of the most worthwhile techniques for studying the acute pathophysiology of concussion is by the recording of neurophysiological activity such as the electroencephalogram (EEG) and sensory evoked potentials (EPs) from experimental animals. In the first parts of this review, the majority of such studies conducted during the past half century are critically reviewed. When potential methodological flaws and limitations such as anesthetic protocols, infliction of multiple blows and delay in onset of recordings were taken into account, two general principles could be adduced. First, the immediate post-concussive EEG was excitatory or epileptiform in nature. Second, the cortical EP waveform was totally lost during this period. In the second parts of this review, five theories of concussion which have been prominent during the past century are summarized and supportive evidence assessed. These are the vascular, reticular, centripetal, pontine cholinergic and convulsive hypotheses. It is concluded that only the convulsive theory is readily compatible with the neurophysiological data and can provide a totally viable explanation for concussion. The chief tenet of the convulsive theory is that since the symptoms of concussion bear a strong resemblance to those of a generalized epileptic seizure, then it is a reasonable assumption that similar pathobiological processes underlie them both. Further, it is demonstrated that EPs and EEGs recorded acutely following concussive trauma are indeed the same or similar to those obtained following the induction of a state of generalized seizure activity (GSA). According to the present incarnation of the convulsive theor

关键词： 脑性瘫痪   患儿   神经生理学训练   治疗   感染   认识   预防  

摘要： 我们应用神经生理学训练为主治疗脑性瘫痪.有些患儿在治疗过程中出现感染,感染较重者就要停止训练治疗,对疗效产生影响.我们就1997年11月～1998年2月在我院治疗的13例脑瘫病人感染原因进行分析,以求减少感染.

关键词： 教育改革   植物生理学   实验教学  

摘要： 植物生理学是一门理论与实践紧密结合的学科,实验课教学是植物生理学教学的重要组成部分.近年来,我们从植物生理学教学方法、教学效果的考核及学生成绩的评定方式等方面对植物生理学实验教学加以改革和探索,取得了良好的效果.

关键词： clitoris   sexual climax   pudendal   pelvic   hypogastric   genital  

摘要： Recent research on the neural control of female sexual function is reviewed. The control of female genital responses has not been extensively studied and significant gaps in our knowledge remain. Sexual arousal is largely the product of spinal level reflexes. A network of interneurons processes the sensory information and generate complex patterns of activities that are then distributed to the autonomic and somatic efferents. The spinal reflexive systems are under inhibitory and excitatory control from the brainstem and hypothalamic sites. Further research is necessary to identify the mechanisms underlying female sexual function, the pathogenesis of sexual dysfunctions and their possible treatment.

关键词： Digestive Physiology   Digestive System   Growth   Prolactin   消化生理学   消化系统   生长   催乳素   Rats   Digestive System   Digestive System Physiological Phenomena   Prolactin   alpha-Glucosidases  

摘要： The growth and maturation of the gastrointestinal tract during development is influenced by diverse genetic and growth factors. Since prolactin is abundant in amniotic fluid and breast milk, we hypothesized that it may also affect gut development. The effect of prolactin on thymidine incorporation and tissue alkaline phosphatase, maltase and lactase activity was studied on jejunal explants from fetal, newborn and 2 week-old rats. The results were compared with the effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) under identical experimental conditions. Prolactin induced a significant increase in proliferation and a two- to threefold increase in maltase and alkaline phosphatase activity of the newborn explants. The effect of prolactin in this group compared to that of EGF was significantly greater with respect to proliferation, and almost identical with respect to the hydrolases studied. These results suggest that prolactin might have a role in the process of growth and maturation of the gut mucosa during ontogeny.