关键词： 身心关系(玄学)   哲学   精神病学   心理学理论   心理生理学   人类  

摘要： Conceptual dichotomies between mind and brain, psychology and neuroscience, meaning and causation, and fact and value confound thinking in philosophy of mind, clinical psychiatry, and psychiatric ethics. Paul Churchland's theory of eliminative materialism highlights these dichotomies, stating that advances in neuroscience have restricted, and eventually will eliminate, any need for psychology. The core principles of this theory are questionable, because psychiatrists still need psychology and perhaps always will. The main argument in this essay is that even in cases of well-defined brain pathology (where eliminative materialism seems most plausible), psychological concepts remain critical. Thus, philosophers and psychiatrists should generate conceptual models that lead not to eliminativism but to explanatory pluralism, which is the pragmatic integration of diverse concepts toward the end of better handling clinical challenges. The contributions of Karl Jaspers in opposition to eliminative materialism and in support of pluralism are discussed. Jaspers delineated the role of meaningful psychological explanation in a psychiatry rooted in neuroscientific explanation. However, his notion that meaningful states do not have causal power is disputable and has come under fire in recent philosophy of mind and cognitive neuroscience, which highlight the possibility that meaningful psychological states can be causally significant. This idea has implications for psychiatric ethics and the fact/value debate.

摘要： Understanding of the neurophysiology of cognition is advancing through the study of how animals navigate and understand space. Manipulating various classes of spatial information and recording from hippocampal neurons provides a robust model for understanding how the brain stores and constructs the spatial memories that are critical for organizing daily experience.

关键词： ASSASSIN bugs   PHYSIOLOGY   POLYMORPHISM (Zoology)   SALIVARY proteins   HEMOLYMPH   BLOOD proteins  

摘要： Rhynocoris marginatus (Fab.) occurs in three morphs viz. (i) niger (black connexivum) (ii) sanguineous (red connexivum) and (iii) nigrosanguineous (black and red banded connexivum). The salivary protein (mug/mg wet weight of salivary gland complex), and haemolymph protein (mug/100 mul) were higher in niger morph than in nigrosanguineous and sanguineous morphs. Endopeptidase (trypsin) activity of homogenate of salivary gland complex (SGC) of niger morph was also higher. It was significantly lower in the sanguineous morph. Endopeptidase activity was found to be uniformly meagre in the anterior midgut (AMG) and in the posterior midgut (PMG) in all the three morphs. The exopeptidase (aminopeptidase) activity was also found to be negligible in SGC in all the three morphs. Niger morph showed a significantly higher activity of exopeptidase in AMG and PMG than the other two morphs.

关键词： 辨别学习   面部   注视   眼   习惯化   心理生理学   模式识别   视觉   性别因素   女(雌)性   人类   婴儿   男(雄)性  

摘要： The goal of this study was to ascertain at what age infants could discriminate male and female faces using only the internal features of the face. The habituation-dishabituation technique was used to estimate infants' discrimination between male and female faces. Analysis showed that 8-mo.-old infants discriminated female and male faces, whereas 6-mo.-old infants did not, but showed an asymmetry in discrimination. 6-mo.-old infants who were habituated to the female face fixated consistently longer on the novel male face in test trials, so sex discrimination was complete but not observed after habituation to male faces. Data are discussed in relation to the role of experience in face discrimination.

关键词： Clinical Neurophysiology   Good Future  

摘要： Focuses on the discrepancy issues affecting clinical neuropsychology services in the National Health Service in Great Britain. Functioning patterns of the clinical neuropsychology services; Definition of the quality standards of clinical neuropsychology; Production costs associated with clinical neuropsychology.

关键词： 声刺激/仪器和设备   习惯化   心理生理学   耳鸣/病因学   耳鸣/治疗   人类  

摘要： If a helpless newborn infant does not form an attachment to its care-giver, even an abusive one, its chances of survival diminish, so evolution should strongly favour attachment by the infant, regardless of the quality of care-giving. As a part of the brain called the amygdala is critical for learned fear in adult animals, we investigated whether the development of learned avoidance behaviour could be delayed by late maturation of amygdala function. We found that very young rat pups exposed to various odours associated with shock treatment learn an approach response to that odour, whereas older pups learn odour avoidance. We show that the origin and development of learned odour-avoidance behaviour is associated with enhanced neural responses in the amygdala during odour-shock conditioning.

关键词： 适应   生理学   适应   心理学   航天医学   家庭/心理学   军事人员/心理学   身体素质/生理学   身体素质/心理学   心理生理学   俄罗斯   社会适应   女(雌)性   人类   男(雄)性  

关键词： adolescence   Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease   child chromosomes   human   pair 17 electromyography   genetics   biochemical neural conduction  

摘要： Aim. Longitudinal assessment of clinical and neurophysiological abnormalities in childhood and adolescence and incidence analysis of tandem Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A gene duplication in Croatian children with Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1 neuropathy. Methods. Eight Croatian children with Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1 neuropathy, aged 4-19 years, were studied clinically, neurophysiologically, and neuropathologically during 1-11 years of follow-up. All children were examined at least once, and in 4 children the measurements were repeated. Molecular genetic analysis was performed in all patients and their family members in order to determine the presence of the Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A duplication on chromosome 17p11.2-p12, using restriction fragment length polymorphic and short tandem repeat markers. Results. Clubfoot was the most frequently observed clinical feature in children under 10 years of age, whereas muscle hypotrophy, scoliosis, and contractures developed in the second decade of life. All patients showed decreased motor nerve conduction velocity (7-30 m/s) and prolonged distal motor latencies on the first and follow-up examinations. Compound muscle action potential amplitude reduction (0.1-1.25 mV) was recorded in the first and second decade of life. In 6 out of 8 children, molecular genetic studies demonstrated the presence of the 1.5 megabase tandem Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A duplication in 17p11.2-p12, mostly of paternal origin. Conclusion. Pronounced neurographic abnormalities and mild clinical features characterize Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1 neuropathy in the first decade. There were no significant differences in neurographic abnormalities in the first or second decade of life between Croatian children with and without Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1A duplication.

关键词： 焦虑   行为疗法/方法   恐惧/心理学   习惯化   心理生理学   记忆   回忆   模型   心理学   恐怖症/心理学   恐怖症/治疗   精神病状态评定量表   自我效验   蜘蛛   治疗结果   成年人   动物   女(雌)性   人类   男(雄)性  

摘要： In the present study, we explored factors related to successful treatment outcome in a sample of participants with fear of spiders, We specifically examined the relationship of general memory, memory for the phobic stimulus, memory for anxious responses, and perceived self-efficacy to treatment outcome. Forty-eight participants who were afraid of spiders participated in two sessions of in vivo exposure therapy. On day 1, participants completed measures of general memory, memory for the phobic stimulus, recall of anxiety level during exposure tasks, and self-efficacy during exposure tasks. At post-treatment, better memory for anxious responses, but not memory for the phobic stimulus, was related to lower anticipatory and actual anxiety. Greater self-efficacy, on the other hand, was related to better behavioral performance. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.