关键词： 生物进化   脑/生理学   习惯化   心理生理学   语言发展   狨猴   言语知觉   动物   人类   婴儿   新生  

关键词： 自主神经系统/生理学   消化生理学   消化系统/神经支配   敏感性与特异性   应激   心理学/病理生理学   人类  

关键词： 胸锁乳突肌   生物基础   神经生理学   电位   爆破   基因   前庭核   前庭神经   音调   肌肉  

摘要： 0039497 意识的神经生物基础/Young GB//Arch Neurol.-1999,56(2).-153～157四军大0039498 胸锁乳突肌上短音调爆破引发的肌肉基因电位:这些电位也是来源自前庭吗?/Murofushi T//Arch Otolaryngol

关键词： 神经再生   神经科学   活化作用   神经生理学   糖尿病   图像   发育   医科   成熟   交感神经活动  

摘要： 0035522 神经科学的图像:脑的发育,XⅡ.脑活化作用的成熟/Casey B J//Am JPsychiatry.-1999,156(4).-504 医科情0035523 神经再生的意义[日]/前田宪吾//糖尿病.-1999,42(1).

关键词： taste quality   bitter taste   acetylcholine receptors   second-messenger systems   neural coding  

摘要： Historically, taste research has often been guided by the concept that there are only four (or possibly five) basic taste qualities (sweet, sour, salty, and bitter, and possibly "umami"). All other tastes have been presumed to be combinations of these basic tastes. This psychophysical concept has been extended to electrophysiological data. That is, the neural code for each basic taste is hypothesized to be coded by a dedicated channel of neurons (the "Labeled-Line'' theory);i.e., one group of neurons signals "salty" and another separate group signals ''sweet." Numerous psychophysical and electrophysiological findings, however, cannot be accomodated by this quadripartite theory, which limits taste to four basic qualities and four basic neuron types. Rather, the data described in this article suggest that the range of taste is more extensive than four or five basic tastes, and that this breadth of taste quality results initially from the activation of a broad array of ion channels, receptors, and second messengers associated with taste cell membranes. These findings have implications for neural organization and provide support for the "Across-Fiber Pattern" theory in which the neural code for taste is represented by the pattern of activity across all of the neurons, i.e., neurons are not exclusively labeled for a particular sensation but cooperate with the others in the ensemble to encode taste quality. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： 神经生理学   神经降压素   大麻素受体   自身受体  

摘要： 0043486 神经元大麻素受体(CB1)的强力及选择性激动剂的合成和特性/HillardC J//J Pharmacol Exp Ther.-1999,289(3).-1427～1433 医科情0043487 交感神经中不同的共同传递作用:刺激频率和连接前自身受体的作用/Todorov L D//J Pharmacol Exp Ther.-1999,290(1).-241～246 医科情0043488 大鼠腹侧正中髓质吻合部神经降压素对内脏伤害性作用的双相调控作用/Urban M O//J Pharmacol Exp Ther.-1999,290(1).-207～213

关键词： 心脏病学/发展趋势   心血管疾病/并发症   心血管疾病/心理学   抑郁症/诊断   抑郁症/病因学   心理生理学   生活质量   人类  

关键词： 注意力   深度知觉   形状知觉   习惯化   心理生理学   运动知觉   定向力   心理物理学   女(雌)性   人类   婴儿   男(雄)性  

摘要： Sensitivity of 8-week-old infants to optical flow specifying the shape of a three-dimensional object was assessed. Infants viewed kinetic random-dot displays that specified three-dimensional cubes. The cubes were identical except for the presence or absence of an interior corner. Half of the infants viewed the full display. The other half viewed the central region of the displays, where the flow specifying the presence or absence of the corner differed. Infants in the full-view condition looked significantly longer to a novel cube than to the familiar cube following habituation. In contrast, infants in the partial-view condition looked equally to the novel and familiar cubes, ruling out the possibility that infants who viewed the full displays merely discriminated differences in motion in the central region of the two displays. These findings suggest that infants as young as 8 Reeks perceive three-dimensional object shape from optic flow.

关键词： 生物反馈   心理学   病例对照研究   脱敏作用   心理学/方法   情绪   恐惧/心理学   习惯化   心理生理学   心率   模型   心理学   监测   便携式   恐怖症/病理生理学   恐怖症/心理学   精神病状态评定量表   青少年   女(雌)性   人类   男(雄)性  

摘要： This study examines predictions derived from Foa and Kozak's theory of emotional processing. We hypothesized that the provision of heart-rate feedback would facilitate emotional processing through a fuller activation of the participant's fear structure, and by focusing participants' attention on information that is incompatible with the fear structure, i.e., the interoceptive pattern of habituation. Nonclinical students (N = 54) showing marked claustrophobic fear received 30 min of self-directed exposure to a claustrophobic chamber. Three exposure conditions (heart-rate feedback, paced-tone control, and exposure only control) were examined across six 5-min exposure trials. Participants receiving heart-rate feedback displayed greater between-trial habituation across treatment trials and lower levels of fear at post-treatment. Treatment process findings failed to support the fear activation hypothesis, Implications of the findings for theories of fear reduction are discussed. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： 习惯化   心理生理学   咀嚼   心理物理学   反应时间   蔗糖   味觉阈   黏度   青少年   成年人   女(雌)性   人类   男(雄)性  

摘要： Although sensory adaptation, the gradual loss of sensation during prolonged stimulation, has been demonstrated in laboratory taste experiments, a comparable loss of taste intensity is not experienced in real-life eating situations. This discrepancy may be due to differences in the proximal stimuli or to differences in the ways the taste receptors are stimulated. In two experiments, the effects of four potentially relevant variables were investigated: stimulus intensity, stimulus viscosity, mouth movements, and presentation method. During the initial seconds of stimulation, adaptation to the weakest of the two solutions was faster. Although more viscous stimuli were less sweet, viscosity as such did not affect adaptation rate, nor did mouth movements. Among the three presentation methods, a sucrose-soaked filter paper on the tongue produced more adaptation than either sipping the solution or flowing it over the tongue. This suggests that even mouth movements far more subtle than those still present in the no-movement condition of a sip-and-spit experiment can disrupt the adaptation process.