关键词： 年龄因素   联想学习   注意力   因果律   习惯化   心理生理学   婴儿行为/心理学   语言发展   回忆   语义学   女(雌)性   人类   婴儿   男(雄)性  

摘要： Six experiments examined infants' ability to associate nonsense words with 2 causal actions: pushing and pulling. Although Experiment 1 found that 14-month-olds failed to form word-action associations, 18-month-olds in Experiment 2 provided reliable evidence of doing so. Additional experiments explored why 14-month-olds may not have formed such an association. Experiment 3 examined 14-month-olds' ability to discriminate a change in either the action or the label when the other element was held constant. Infants discriminated the change in label but not the change in action. When the language labels were replaced with music (Experiments 4-6), 14-month-old infants responded in terms of and discriminated between pushing and pulling. These results, in comparison with those from Experiments 1 and 3, suggest that for 14 month-olds, attempting to associate labels with actions may interfere with their discrimination of similar actions.

关键词： microelectrodes   neurophysiology   silicon-micromachining   neurotechnology  

摘要： A process is described for the fabrication of silicon-based microelectrodes for neurophysiology using bonded and etched-back silicon-on-insulator (BESOI) wafers. The probe shapes are defined without high levels of boron doping in the silicon;this is considered as a step towards producing probes with active electronics integrated directly beneath the electrodes. Gold electrodes, of 4 mu m by 4 mu m to 50 mu m by 50 mu m are fabricated on shanks (cantilever beams) 6 mu m thick and which taper to an area approximately 100 mu m wide and 200 mu m long, which are inserted into the tissue under investigation, The passive probes fabricated have been successfully employed to make acute recordings from locust peripheral nerve.

关键词： 体象   整体保健   病人医疗护理计划   物理刺激   心理生理学   康复护理/方法   自我概念   感觉缺失   人类  

关键词： 精神病学   心理生理学   心身医学   动物   人类  

关键词： 生物物理学   脑/生理学   神经网   心理生理学   人类  

摘要： A novel substance-attributed biophysical theory of brain-mind unity is presented. We separate spiritualism and matters of the soul from the medical sphere. Biophysical principles are responsible for the body's operational regimen (BOR) in the homeostatic state which allows for materialization and emergence of the mind;Excitation and/or inhibition modulate 8 BOR stages. There is automatic (somatic) and non-automatic (biophysical and psychological) Circadian cycle control. Computer-analog input and output occurs in wired neuronal electric pathways. Biotechnological devices located in emotional neurons positively signal homeostatic and negatively signal deranged BOR and biophysical mind operations. Macro and/or micro cerebral lesions which affect homeostasis may cause psychopathology, which can be treated with 'instrumental psychotherapy' (IPT) which enables recovery from homeostatic disorder in Phase 1, refining EGO in Phase 2, and social competence in Phase 3. The theory of brain-mind unity and practice of IPT is geared to medical workers and biophysical psychologists. (C) 2000 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.

关键词： 情感症状/诊断   情感症状/病理生理学   情感症状/心理学   情绪/生理学   精神分析理论   心理生理学   躯体型障碍/诊断   躯体型障碍/病理生理学   躯体型障碍/心理学   人类  

摘要： Although alexithymia is found in patients with various somatic disorders, it remains unclear whether it is really related to organic disease--as proposed by the founders of the concept.[125]. As the interplay between the experience of emotion and possible adverse effects on health is a fundamental tenet of psychosomatic medicine, alexithymia remains an interesting concept to be further explored, especially concerning (1) possible pathways linking emotion to physical illness and (2) the neurobiologic basis of emotional information processing. Compared to the intense international discussion on the subject, in Germany there are still many doubts concerning alexithymia: while some clinicians question the validity of the whole concept, psychiatric and psychosomatic researchers seem unsure about alexithymia's role in their search for a physiological basis to the link between emotion and physical disease. Our review deals with the empirical literature concerning that possible association and tries to tie in their data with modern, neuro-biologically founded insights into emotional information processing within the brain.

关键词： 电子传递复合物Ⅳ/分析   探究行为   功能偏侧化   基因   fos   习惯化   心理生理学   免疫组织化学   神经元/细胞学   神经元/生理学   小白蛋白/分析   原癌基因蛋白质c-fos/分析   原癌基因蛋白质c-fos/遗传学   大鼠   Wistar   躯体感觉皮质/细胞学   躯体感觉皮质/生理学   触觉/生理学   触须/神经支配   动物   男(雄)性   大鼠  

摘要： Understanding gene expression that is responsive to sensory stimulation is central to elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal plasticity. In this study we demonstrate two new methods of stimulating whiskers that provide major sensory input to rat neocortex. In the first paradigm, animals were placed on the top of a cylinder and their vibrissae were brushed by hand, In the second paradigm, animals were placed for a brief period or time into a new, wired cage resulting in vibrissae stimulation when they explored the new environment. Both approaches induced c-Fos expression in barrel cortex corresponding to the stimulated vibrissae, especially in layer IV. Layers II/III and V/VI also showed c-Fos induction, but there were no detectable changes in layer VIb. The majority of c-Fos-expressing cells are probably not inhibitory neurons, because they do not show parvalbumin staining. Both paradigms, in contrast to the previous methods, are simple to use and do not require anesthesia, restraint of animals, or elaborate experimental setups.

关键词： reading   language   functional imaging   cortex   dyslexia   aphasia  

摘要： This article reviews a series of magnetoencephalographic (MEG) experiments aimed at identifying cortical areas and time windows relevant or even critical for fluent reading. The approach was to compare single-word processing in fluent and dyslexic readers. The activations which differed between the two groups were then studied in more detail to determine their functional roles. In fluent reading, overall visual feature processing occurs about 100 milliseconds (ms) after seeing a word, in the posteromedial extrastriate cortex bilaterally. This activation does not differentiate between letters and symbols. The first reading-specific signal is detected about 150 ms after word onset, when the left inferior occipitotemporal cortex responds preferentially to letter strings. After 200 ms, the left superior temporal cortex, in particular, is engaged in semantic processing of single words and their integration with connected text. While visual feature processing seems to be within normal limits in dyslexic subjects, reading is disrupted during the first 200 ms after seeing a word, at the letter-string specific stage. The subsequent activations are weak and delayed as compared with those in fluent readers. Also presented is a case of deep dyslexia, where the same tools were used to demonstrate that reading comprehension was still subserved by the left hemisphere despite severe damage.

关键词： globus pallidus   microelectrode   pallidotomy   Parkinson's disease  

摘要： OBJECTIVE: Microelectrode recording can refine targeting for stereotactic radiofrequency lesioning of the globus pallidus to treat Parkinson's disease. Multiple intraoperative microelectrode recording/stimulating tracks are searched and assessed for neuronal activity, presence of tremor cells, visual responses, and responses to kinesthetic input. These physiological data are then correlated with atlas-based anatomic data to approximate electrode location. On the basis of these physiological properties, one or more tracks are selected for lesioning. This study analyzes the track physiological factors that seem most significant in determining the microelectrode recording track(s) that will be chosen for pallidal lesioning. METHODS: Thirty-six patients with Parkinson's disease underwent microelectrode-guided pallidotomy. Between one and five microelectrode recording tracks were made per patient. Usually, one (n = 23) or two (n = 12) of these tracks were lesioned. Electrode positions in the x (mediolateral) and y (anteroposterior) axes were recorded and related to track neurophysiological findings and final lesion location. The stereotactic location and sequence of microelectrode tracks were recorded and plotted to illustrate individual search patterns. These patterns were then compared with those noted in other patients. Neurophysiological data obtained from recording tracks were analyzed. A retrospective analysis of track electrophysiology was performed to determine the track characteristics that seemed most important in the surgeon's choice of the track to lesion. Track physiological properties included general cell spike amplitude, tremor synchronous neuronal firing, kinesthetically responsive neuronal firing, and optic track responses (either phosphenes reported by the patient during track microstimulation or neuronal firing in response to light stimulus into the patient's eyes). Orthogonally corrected postoperative magnetic resonance images were used to confirm th

关键词： 杓状软骨/外科学   声门/病理生理学   神经传导/生理学   神经生理学   预后   喉返神经/病理生理学   喉返神经/外科学   逆行变性/病理生理学   甲状软骨/外科学   声带麻痹/分类   声带麻痹/诊断   声带麻痹/病理生理学   声带麻痹/治疗   声带/外科学   语音训练   人类  

摘要： The aim of this report is to summarize current concepts in unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis (URLNP). Important aspects of laryngeal phylogenesis, physiology and anatomy are reviewed. Recent advances in the neurophysiology of URNLP are discussed. Revised and updated principles of diagnosis and treatment are provided. Glottic configuration and prognosis vary according to the type of neural lesion (neurapraxia, axonotmesis or neurotmesis). Therapeutic indications depend on glottic configuration and prognosis. Treatment options include voice therapy, vocal fold augmentation by intrafold injection, medialization thyroplasty, arytenoid adduction, and laryngeal reinnervation. Each treatment option is summarized, and the results reported in the medical literature are reviewed.