关键词： 适应   生理学   航天医学   心血管生理学   消化生理学   鱼类   重力   改变   肌肉骨骼生理学   旋转   宇宙飞行   宇宙飞船/仪器和设备   龟/生理学   抗失重措施   动物   狗   人类   大鼠  

摘要： Artificial gravitv generated by spacecraft rotation may prove a universal countermeasure against adverse effects of weightlessness in the future. The paper summarizes the results of ground-based biomedical investigations of artificial gravity and flight experiments aboard Soviet biosatellites Cosmos-782 and Cosmos-936. It is believed that at the present stage the major goal of such investigations is to determine the minimum efficient value of artificial gravity in long-term flights which may eliminate adverse effects of prolonged weightlessness. In ground-bound studies the highest priority should be given to the development of methods on increasing human tolerance to the rotating environment.

关键词： 航天医学   宇航员   科里奥利加速力   疾病易感性   习惯化   心理生理学   运动知觉   眼震   生理性   人员选用   试验预期值   太空运动病/预防和控制   前庭功能试验   成年人   人类   男(雄)性  

摘要： Vestibulo-vegetative disorders in cosmonauts and astronauts occurring during space flight compel otolaryngologists to search for vestibular tests enabling a precise evaluation of the activity of the vestibular apparatus and showing disposition to motion sickness. Otoneurological investigation of Polish candidates for cosmonaut status consisted of the following vestibular tests: caloric, rotatory, optokinetic, swinging torsion, statokinesimetric and vestibulo-vegetative. The value of various vestibular tests for aviation and space medicine is presented in this paper, taking into account the results of investigations of the equilibrium system with the group of pilots selected for space flight as well as extensive experience with candidates for the air service and also trained pilots and patients. The relatively frequent lack of correlation between the results of the applied tests, which renders difficult the proper evaluation of the equilibrium system, is emphasized in the paper. Finally, the results of investigations of acute habituation of the vestibular apparatus are discussed.

关键词： Neurophysiology   Neuropharmacology   Cardiovascular regulation   Behavioral stress   Central nervous system   Autonomic nervous system   Hypertension   Heart rate   Blood pressure   Neurotransmitters   Neurotoxins   Spontaneous hypertension   Neuroanatomy  

摘要： Evidence has accumulated over the past several years indicating that environmental factors can have a substantial influence on cardiovascular dyna 0000005A mics. It has been hypothesized by many investigators that through these influences environ 00002180 mental stressors may be important to the etiology and maintenance of cardiovascular diseases. Since the nervous system is intimately involved in the regulation of cardiovascular function it may be assumed that environmental influences on cardiovascular dynamics are to a large extent mediated by the nervous system. This assumption is supported by the literature reviewed which indicates that there are many nervous system nuclei and neurotransmitter systems involved in the regulation of cardiovascular dynamics which are also involved in an organisms adjustment to environmental stressors. The conclusion is reached that further multidisciplinary research will reveal underlying neurophysiological and neuropharmacological mechanisms responsible for stress induced cardiovascular disease and lead to new methods of treatment.

关键词： 人工耳蜗   电刺激   神经生理学   听神经   脑神经   听觉系统   听觉通路   全聋   调谐曲线   言语信息   语言信息   感觉系统   强度函数  

摘要： 用某些种类的补偿装置来帮助全聋者恢复与其他人进行言语交往的功能,业已做出了一些努力。但是,对于受用者而言,除了各个不容置疑的优点以外,迄今尚未达到所期望的水准。造成这一事实的一个主要原因就是人与人之间在天然传送言语信息时所使用的听觉刺激信号具有高度复杂性。语言音素不仅其频率分布极其复杂,而且其频谱的不同成分也随时间及强度而变化。因此,为了使言语交往具有可能性,显然要求强度辨差阈(△i)与频率辨差阈(△f)必须很小。

关键词： 心身医学   心理因素   社会因素   躯体疾病   疾病发生   心理动力学   相互作用   生理因素   整体性   心理生理学  

摘要： 心身医学是医学心理学的一个重要分支,也是现代医学的一个新的重要部门。它对于人的疾病提供整体性、综合性的论点;它研究对健康和疾病起作用的生物、心理和社会因素的关系。除了强调心理因素和生理因素的相互作用以外,还注意这些因素与人所处的社会环境的特殊条件和变化之间的关系。这门学科所针对的不是某一器官或某个系统的疾病,涉及的也不仅是疾病的病理生理学,而是疾病的倾向性、易罹患性、疾病的起因和预后等等。它认为,对疾病开始之前的心身方面的先躯性特征的研究是心身医学的基础,社会的、文化的、

关键词： 控制论   中医辨证论治   无线电通讯   控制系统   自动控制   电子计算机   神经生理学   控制问题  

摘要： 一、什么是“控制论”？ 据英国N·维纳所著《控制论》一书中介绍说：“我们决定把这个关于既是机器中又是动物中的控制和通讯理论的整个领域叫作（控制论），这个字我们是从希腊字‘掌舵人’变来的。”有的书中通常称之驾船术，操舵术。简言之控制论是研究所有控制系统的结构通性和控制过程，它包括生物，特别是人与机器主要是各种自动化机器在自动控制过程中有着共同的规律。根据这个规律，来解决各个系统韵自动控制问题，这是一门新兴的科学，它是在最近三十年来，由于生产力的不断发展，在一些工程技术和学科领域的推动下产生的。它是自动控制，电子计算机，无线电通讯与神经生理学、数学等学科相互渗透的产物，是一门新的综合性学科，维纳把控制论定义为关于“动物和机器中控制和通讯的科学”。