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关键词： Acoustic source localization   Agroacoustics   Acoustical measurements   Bioacoustical effects   Control theory  

摘要： Interaural time differences(ITDs) were measured from 400–7000 Hz on cats in order to provide quantitative data for use in physiological/behavioral studies on sound localization. ITDs derived from clicks and the initial portion of tone bursts showed a pronounced roughness and frequency dependence. This frequency dependence is most evident at higher angles of incidence and indicates that a single ITD will not always represent a single position on the azimuth. Controls demonstrate that most of the roughness in these functions was due to reflections off the surface supporting the animal and that the measuredITDs corresponded to predictions made by steady‐state *** made with and without the pinnae in position indicate that they have relatively little effect on these ITD functions, particularly for frequencies below 2500 Hz and for small angles of incidence. In spite of acoustic limitations exemplified by the roughness and frequency dependence of these functions, ITDsgenerated by soundsources situated close to the midline provide reliable localization cues that are much better than those derived from sources well out on the azimuth. Finally it is noted that another ITD, the group ITD, can be ascribed to an acoustic signal. Calculations based on the measured steady‐state ITDs show differences between the group and steady‐state ITDs over a given range of frequencies. Differences between the group and steady‐state ITD can be significant, and it is argued that: (1) the group ITD can provide a localization cue to the auditory system that is distinct from the steady‐state ITD; and (2) it is possible these group ITDs are used by the nervous system to localize soundsources in realistic situations.

关键词： 精神问题   平行论   神经活动   相互作用   大脑皮层   假说   第一世界   神经生理学   心理神经   人脑  

摘要： 科学的未来可以作为一般问题来讨论,例如,增长或衰退,经济学,大科学与小科学,生物学的未来,或者空间科学等等。我决定把我的讲话专门用于科学前沿的一个特殊方面。我们能否规定一个科学决不能越过的界限呢?或者科学应当越过这个界限?我试图在一个非常特殊的领域里做这件事,这是我的科学生涯的中心,因而也是我的一生的中心。

关键词： 抗抑郁药/副作用   抑郁/并发症   抑郁/诊断   抑郁/治疗   人格   精神病状态评定量表   心理生理学   成年人   女(雌)性   人类   中年人  

摘要： An inventory of 69 somatic discomforts was used to identify those discomforts most likely to be concurrent with a clinically severe depression in a sample of 223 recently hospitalized women. The inventory provided scores for each of 15 classes of discomfort. The classes of discomfort with the highest average score for the depressed sample at admission also yielded significantly lower scores for a nonpatient control sample (P less than .05). The four classes of discomfort most pertinent to depression were designated autonomic, wakefulness, dry mouth, and fatigue. The items of discomfort contributing to these classes showed a statistically significant diminution in severity during treatment (P less than .05).

关键词： 精神病科   心理社会学   心理生理学   心身疾病   心身病   生物学节律   躯体疾病   精神病学   临床医学   心身医学   心理生理医学  

摘要： 在美国,心身医学主要从下述三方面进行研究。1.心理动力学;2.心理生理学和心理社会学;3.谘询和联络精神病学(Consultation—Liaison Psychiatry)。前两者主要是进行理论方面的探索,而最后一方面则涉及综合医院中的实践应用。

关键词： Spinal Cord   Individual Difference   Spinal Cord Injury   Sexual Response  

摘要： Commonalities and differences in the neurophysiology of sexual response in persons with spinal cord injuries and the non-cord injured are described. Recognition of individual differences and other implications for sex education and counseling with the spinal cord injured are presented.

关键词： Neurosciences