关键词： Anesthetics/pharmacology*   Animals   Cats   Central Nervous System/drug effects*   Consciousness*   Ethers/pharmacology   Hydroxybutyrates/pharmacology   Hydroxybutyrates/pharmacology   Nitrous Oxide/pharmacology   Pentobarbital/pharmacology   Piperidines/pharmacology   Sleep*  

关键词： Capacitive Loading   Grid Current   Feedback Amplifier   Zener Diode   Lower Anode  

关键词： Nervous Activity   High Nervous Activity   Electronic Apparatus  

关键词： 迷睡   心理生理学   催眠后暗示   肌肉活动   催眠状态   觉醒状态   觉知   脑电图   电诊断图  

摘要： 化学麻醉剂是通过什么机制对中枢神经系统起作用呢?这个问题还不清楚。所有的答案都是假设性的和理论性的。而我们对正常睡眠的许多机制也还了解得不多。幸而,这些知识的欠缺从未阻碍麻醉学的临床发展。我们知道所用药物的临床疗效如何,即使还不十分了解它们的治疗机制。对于催眠也是如此。对于催眠和催眠现象的性质的某些问题,目前还很模糊。许多人倾向于把催眠和某些有害作用剂混为一谈。然而,我们知道,催眠与人生经历和人对权威的反应有关;我们

关键词： Biomedicine   general   Internal Medicine   Cell Biology   Pathology   Laboratory Medicine  

摘要： In the foregoing discussion, the views expressed are as follows. Two neuroanatomical interests of great importance for neurophysiology concern the connexions of a brain region and those of its constituent neurones. The first class of connexions may be investigated by 4 techniques.o(1)Wallerian degeneration of the interrupted fibre: This is best revealed by the degeneration-specific silver-impregnation of Natua, since other, fully impregnating, silver methods, e.g. Glees, have the disadvantage that, before the fibre can appear fragmented and thus as degenerating, the continuity-maintaining neurofibrils must first disappear.(2)Bouton changes: These should accompany the fibre's Wallerian degeneration,(3)Retrograde somatic changes: These may be classified: (a) no apparent alteration, which may occur when the injury is to a process of the nerve cell distant from the soma, or when no cell process has been damaged; (b) a degeneration leading to the death and disappearance of the cell, which means that the stem fibre is involved in the lesion; (c) an atrophy in a still viable cell, which may be interpreted as the result of damage to one or so of several collaterals, or as a transneuronal effect. It should also be borne in mind that poor fixation (by immersion) can produce, as an artifact, an apparent variety in the appearance of cells.(4)Trans-synaptic atrophy: before this can furnish evidence of connexions, its own origin should be explained. In the monkey's lateral geniculate body, the transneuronal atrophy occurs at the same time as the development of the giant end-bulbs of the optic fibres. Perhaps the synthesis of the neurofibrils in these clubs requires an unusually large amount of amino acids from an adjacent glial cell, which then has correspondingly less for delivery to the synapse's host nerve cell. The prompt atrophy in the monkey's LGB (and in newborn animals) would thus be not a disuse atrophy, but the result of parasitic synapses. There is no really adequate e