关键词： Specificity Protein   Kruppel-Like Factor   Digestive System   Cancer   Stem Cells   Proliferation   Differentiation   Development   Apoptosis   Cell Cycle   KRUPPEL-LIKE FACTOR   SQUAMOUS-CELL CARCINOMA   COLON-CANCER CELL   TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENE   ACTIVATED-RECEPTOR-GAMMA   ZINC-FINGER PROTEIN   INTESTINAL ALKALINE-PHOSPHATASE   FAMILIAL ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS   HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR-CARCINOMA   GROWTH-FACTOR EXPRESSION  

摘要： Specificity proteins (SPs) and Kruppel-like factors (KLFs) belong to the family of transcription factors that contain conserved zinc finger domains involved in binding to target DNA sequences. Many of these proteins are expressed in different tissues and have distinct tissue-specific activities and functions. Studies have shown that SPs and KLFs regulate not only physiological processes such as growth, development, differentiation, proliferation, and embryogenesis, but pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancer and inflammatory disorders. Consistently, these proteins have been shown to regulate normal functions and pathobiology in the digestive system. We review recent findings on the tissue-and organ-specific functions of SPs and KLFs in the digestive system including the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, pancreas, and liver. We provide a list of agents under development to target these proteins.

关键词： neuron   neurophysiology   intuitive knowledge and P-prims   drawing   assessment   MEDICAL-STUDENTS   MISCONCEPTIONS   PHYSIOLOGY   SCIENCE   LEARN  

摘要： Drawings are an underutilized assessment format in Human Anatomy and Physiology (HA&P), despite their potential to reveal student content understanding and alternative conceptions. This study used student-generated drawings to explore student knowledge in a HA&P course. The drawing tasks in this study focused on chemical synapses between neurons, an abstract concept in HA&P. Using two preinstruction drawing tasks, students were asked to depict synaptic transmission and summation. In response to the first drawing task, 20% of students (n = 352) created accurate representations of neuron anatomy. The remaining students created drawings suggesting an inaccurate or incomplete understanding of synaptic transmission. Of the 208 inaccurate student-generated drawings, 21% depicted the neurons as touching. When asked to illustrate summation, only 10 students (roughly 4%) were able to produce an accurate drawing. Overall, students were more successful at drawing anatomy (synapse) than physiology (summation) before formal instruction. The common errors observed in student-generated drawings indicate students do not enter the classroom as blank slates. The error of "touching" neurons in a chemical synapse suggests that students may be using intuitive or experiential knowledge when reasoning about physiological concepts. These results 1) support the utility of drawing tasks as a tool to reveal student content knowledge about neuroanatomy and neurophysiology; and 2) suggest students enter the classroom with better knowledge of anatomy than physiology. Collectively, the findings from this study inform both practitioners and researchers about the prevalence and nature of student difficulties in HA&P, while also demonstrating the utility of drawing in revealing student knowledge.

关键词： Disease   Excitation   Inhibition   Neocortex   Neurodevelopment   Synapses   LONG-TERM POTENTIATION   RAT VISUAL-CORTEX   NMDA RECEPTOR HYPOFUNCTION   FRAGILE-X-SYNDROME   HOMEOSTATIC SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY   TIMING-DEPENDENT PLASTICITY   GLUTAMIC-ACID DECARBOXYLASE   CPG-BINDING PROTEIN-2   PREFRONTAL CORTEX   MOUSE MODEL  

摘要： Brain function relies on the ability of neural networks to maintain stable levels of activity, while experiences sculpt them. In the neocortex, the balance between activity and stability relies on the coregulation of excitatory and inhibitory inputs onto principal neurons. Shifts of excitation or inhibition result in altered excitability impaired processing of incoming information. In many neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders, the excitability of local circuits is altered, suggesting that their pathophysiology may involve shifts in synaptic excitation, inhibition, or both. Most studies focused on identifying the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling network excitability to assess whether they may be altered in animal models of disease. The impact of changes in excitation/inhibition balance on local circuit and network computations is not clear. Here we report findings on the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs in healthy cortical circuits and discuss how shifts in excitation/inhibition balance may relate to pathological phenotypes.

关键词： DIAGNOSIS of schizophrenia   NEUROPHYSIOLOGY   AUDITORY cortex   STIMULUS & response (Psychology)   SYMPTOMS  

关键词： 医务人员   心理生理学   压力   数据收集  

摘要： 目的:了解医务人员的职业压力以及产生的具体原因,从而找出解决的方式。方法:对两家三甲级医院的医务人员发放有关问卷,收集答案后进行有效整理。结果:表明临床医生与护士比其他医务人员心理状况要低;具体排名如下:临床医生组>护士组>医技组,压力的主要来源是工作情况工作压力和职业的环境。结论:管理人员需要高度重视医务人员的工作压力,合理有效的帮助他们改善心理素质和水平;医务人员要进行合理有效的自我调节,摆脱医患苦恼。

关键词： 人工智能   科技发展   人类社会   应用程序   神经生理学   21世纪   数据结构   世界范围  

摘要： 人工智能作为21世纪科技发展的最新成就，深刻揭示了科技发展为人类社会带来的巨大影响。《奇点临近》结合求解智能问题的数据结构以及实现的算法，把人工智能的应用程序应用于实际环境中，并从社会和哲学、心理学以及神经生理学角度对人工智能进行了独特的探讨。本书提供了一个崭新的视角，展示了以人工智能为代表的科技现象作为一种“奇点”的思潮，揭示了其在世界范围内所产生的广泛影响、本书既详细介绍了人工智能的基本概念、思想和算法，还描述了其各个研究方向最前沿的进展，同时收集整理了详实的历史文献与事件。同时，在这个时间就是金钱的时代，

关键词： Horse   Neurophysiology   Behaviour   Endophenotype   Equitation science   Welfare   MIDBRAIN DOPAMINE NEURONS   BASAL GANGLIA   NUCLEUS-ACCUMBENS   BEHAVIORAL SENSITIZATION   PREFRONTAL CORTEX   CORTICAL INPUT   EQUUS-CABALLUS   BLINK RATES   REWARD   STRIATUM  

摘要： Understanding the neural circuits underlying equine behaviour has the potential to help optimise strategies ofhusbandry and training. This review discusses two areas of neurophysiological research in a range of species and relates this information to the horse. The first discussion focuses on mechanisms of learning and motivation and assesses how this information can be applied to improve the training of the horse. The second concerns the identification of the equine neurophysiological phenotype, through behavioural and genetic probes, as a way of improving strategies for optimal equine husbandry and training success. The review finishes by identifying directions for future research with an emphasis on how neurophysiological systems (and thus behaviour) can be modified through strategic husbandry. This review highlights how a neurophysioloigical understanding of horse behaviour can play an important role in attaining the primary objectives of equitation science as well as improving the welfare of the horse. Crown Copyright (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： behavioural inhibition   striatum   subthalamic nucleus   stop-signal task   race model   MIDBRAIN DOPAMINE NEURONS   PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX   SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS   COUNTERMANDING SACCADES   SUPERIOR COLLICULUS   RESPONSE-INHIBITION   BETA-OSCILLATIONS   DECISION-MAKING   EYE FIELD   MOVEMENT  

摘要： Many studies have implicated the basal ganglia in the suppression of action impulses ('stopping'). Here, we discuss recent neurophysiological evidence that distinct hypothesized processes involved in action preparation and cancellation can be mapped onto distinct basal ganglia cell types and pathways. We examine how movement-related activity in the striatum is related to a 'Go' process and how going may be modulated by brief epochs of beta oscillations. We then describe how, rather than a unitary 'Stop' process, there appear to be separate, complementary ' Pause ' and ' Cancel ' mechanisms. We discuss the implications of these stopping subprocesses for the interpretation of the stop-signal reaction time-in particular, some activity that seems too slow to causally contribute to stopping when assuming a single Stop processes may actually be fast enough under a Pause-then-Cancel model. Finally, we suggest that combining complementary neural mechanisms that emphasize speed or accuracy respectively may serve more generally to optimize speed-accuracy trade-offs. This article is part of the themed issue 'Movement suppression: brain mechanisms for stopping and stillness'.

摘要： Objective: To better understand the current state of neurophysiology resident education and identify areas for ***: Neurology residents spend most of their training in an inpatient learning environment, which often lacks exposure to neurophysiology (EEG and EMG) training. This study sought to understand the knowledge gap and examine the educational methods currently ***/Methods: Survey instruments were developed by the authors to assess the opinions of neurology residents and program directors regarding neurophysiology education. A survey was sent to all 136 neurology program directors or coordinators, who were then asked to send the survey to their residents. The surveys had qualitative and quantitative responses addressing the value of neurophysiology training, teaching methods, and whether residents met the ACGME milestone graduation ***: Twenty-six program directors completed the survey (19% responder rate) and resident responders originated from at least 20 different residency programs. Per the program directors, the mean percentage of their residents who met the recommended ACGME level 4 (graduation) milestones was 73.7% for EEG and 64.7% for EMG. Per graduating PGY-4 residents, when asked on a confidence scale, they felt 61% confident with EEG and 58.5% confident with EMG level 4 milestones. Residents cited reading patient EEGs and watching EMGs performed by others as the most common method for learning these skills. Lack of time was cited by the residents as the most common obstacle for achieving independence in interpretation. This obstacle was echoed in the responses to the qualitative questions in both groups, where the most common themes were related to increasing time devoted to these subspecialties and decreasing inpatient burden to improve the quality of neurophysiology ***: At least a quarter of residents are likely graduating not meeting level 4 milestones for neurophysiology educatio