关键词： MOVEMENT-DISORDERS  

关键词： Dystonic tremor   Deep brain stimulation   Globus pallidus interna   Tremor   Dystonia neurophysiology   Local field potentials   PRIMARY WRITING TREMOR   LOCAL-FIELD POTENTIALS   PARKINSONS-DISEASE   CERVICAL DYSTONIA   SUBTHALAMIC AREA   GLOBUS-PALLIDUS   THALAMIC-STIMULATION   WRITERS CRAMP   DISORDER   NUCLEUS  

摘要： Objectives: Dystonic tremor (DT) is defined as a postural/kinetic tremor occurring in the body region affected by dystonia. DT is typically characterized by focal tremors with irregular amplitudes and variable frequencies typically below 7 Hz. Pharmacological treatment is generally unsuccessful and guidelines for deep brain stimulation (DBS) targeting and indications are scarce. In this article, we present the outcome and neurophysiologic data of two patients with refractory, focal limb DT treated with Globus Pallidus interna (Gpi) DBS and critically review the current literature regarding surgical treatment of DT discussing stereotactic targets and treatment considerations. Patients and methods: A search of literature concerning treatment of DT was conducted. Additionally, Gpi DBS was performed in two patients with DT and microelectrode recordings for multi unit analysis (MUAs) and local field potentials (LFPs) were obtained. Results: The mean percentage improvement in tremor severity was 80.5% at 3 years follow up. MUAs and LFPs did not show significant differences in DT patients compared with other forms of dystonia or PD except for higher interspikes bursting indices. LFP recordings in DT demonstrated high power at low frequencies with action (<3.5 Hz). Conclusions: Gpi DBS is an effective treatment in patients with focal limb DT without associated generalized dystonia. Intraoperative neurophysiologic findings suggest that DT is part of phenotypic motor manifestations in dystonia. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Trogoderma granarium   biology   nutritional physiology   wheat cultivar   CEREAL-GRAINS   HELICOVERPA-ARMIGERA   COTTON BOLLWORM   ALPHA-AMYLASES   KHAPRA BEETLE   F COLEOPTERA   LEPIDOPTERA   NOCTUIDAE   EVERTS   PEST  

摘要： The Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), is known as one of the world's most damaging pests of wheat and other stored products. The life cycle, nutritional indices, and digestive enzymatic activity of T. granarium in response to feeding on six wheat cultivars (Arg, Morvarid, Nai 60, Parsi, Pishtaz, and Shanghai) were evaluated under laboratory conditions (3361 +/- 1 degrees C, 65 +/- 5% relative humidity, and a photoperiod of 14: 10 [L:D] h). In this research, delayed developmental time of T. granarium immature stages was detected on cultivars Parsi and Morvarid. The highest survival rate of immature stages was on cultivar Arg, and the lowest was on cultivars Morvarid and Parsi. Moreover, the highest mean larval weight and weight gain of larvae were on cultivar Arg, while the lowest ones were on cultivars Parsi and Morvarid. In addition, the lowest values of relative growth rate and proteolytic activity were detected when larvae were fed with cultivars Morvarid and Parsi. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that cultivars Parsi and Morvarid were the most unsuitable cultivars for the development and feeding of T. granarium. The resistant cultivars can be recommended to be grown in areas where the damage of T. granarium is high for protecting or at least delaying wheat infestation by this pest.

关键词： SCHOOL START TIMES   DECLARATIVE MEMORY   SOUTHEASTERN VIRGINIA   DEVELOPMENTAL-CHANGES   CRASH RATES   EEG   DEPRESSION   CHILDREN   PATTERNS   DEPRIVATION  

关键词： Adult    EEG    EEG brain death    EEG electrode    EEG equipment    EEG montage    EEG report    guideline    neonatal   pediatric  

摘要： This revision to the EEG Guidelines is an update incorporating current EEG technology and practice. “Standards of practice in clinical electroencephalography” (previously Guideline 4) has been removed. It is currently undergoing revision through collaboration among multiple medical societies and will become part of “Qualifications and Responsibilities of Personnel Performing and Interpreting Clinical Neurophysiology Procedures.” The remaining guidelines are reordered and renumbered. Copyright © 2016 by the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society.

关键词： 糖尿病神经病理性痛   痛反应   痛觉   痛情绪   心理生理学  

摘要： 目的:探讨糖尿病模型大鼠的痛反应、痛感觉、痛情绪的变化及其心理生理特性。方法:成年SD大鼠18只随机均分为对照组和糖尿病模型组,模型组用链唑霉素(STZ)腹腔注射法制备。在造模前、造模后第21天,检测两组大鼠的光辐射热甩尾反应潜伏期。并在第21天的检测后,对麻醉大鼠的痛感觉代表区异颗粒区(DZ)和痛情绪代表核团基底外侧杏仁核(BLA)电活动,以及心电、呼吸肌肌电、皮肤电导、体温进行心理生理学记录,并观察热、夹尾刺激的影响。结果:模型组大鼠血糖在STZ注射后维持在>16 mmol/L,其甩尾反应潜伏期较正常组缩短(P<0.01)。模型组大鼠的BLA基础放电频率高于正常组(P<0.01),两组大鼠BLA、DZ的放电频率在两种伤害性刺激时均提高(P<0.05),热刺激时,模型组大鼠反应时BLA、DZ的放电频率增加高于正常组(P<0.05),而在夹尾刺激时,模型组仅BLA的放电频率增加高于正常组(P<0.05)。同时,两种刺激导致两组大鼠均出现心率、呼吸频率加快,但正常组在热刺激后心率、呼吸频率较快恢复,模型组未完全恢复(P<0.01)。结论:糖尿病模型大鼠的痛反应显著敏化,且伤害性刺激所诱发的痛感觉、痛情绪及其生理反应亦明显增强。

关键词： Adult    EEG brain death    EEG electrode    EEG equipment    EEG montage    EEG report    neonatal    pediatric  

摘要： This revision to the EEG Guidelines is an update incorporating current EEG technology and practice. The role of the EEG in making the determination of brain death is discussed as are suggested technical criteria for making the diagnosis of electrocerebral inactivity. Copyright © 2016 by the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society.

关键词： NEUROPHYSIOLOGY   CHRONIC pain  

摘要： Objectives: The goal of this session is to introduce evidence for using psychotropic medications in treatment of pain and discuss the role of psychopharmacology in somatization. Methods: This presentation provides an overview of the neurophysiology of pain and reviews the literature describing psychotropic medication effectiveness in treating pain. Clinical cases will illustrate psychotropic use for decreasing pain and improving function. Results: Nociceptors are the primary sensory neurons responsive to painful stimuli and include ascending and descending processing pathways. Potentiation of descending inhibitory spinal pathways is a possible mechanism of action underlying analgesic activity in serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors. Classes of psychotropic medications used as analgesic adjuvants include antidepressants, anticonvulsants, antipsychotic drugs, a2 agonists, psychostimulants, and muscle relaxants. RCTs show that venlafaxine and duloxetine are effective at reducing pain, although the studies have limitations. In pediatric populations, amitriptyline has been effective in several pain syndromes, and citalopram has been effective in recurrent abdominal pain. Pediatric psychiatrists can play a vital role in improving functioning and quality of life in patients with comorbid pain. Activity levels can be optimized via psychopharmacology such as the use of benzodiazepines before physical therapy for patients who have difficulty participating due to fear of pain, as well as treating mood, anxiety, and sleep problems. The decision to treat should be made in the context of a careful biopsychosocial formulation, and medications should be selected based on the parameters (sleep, mood, energy, anxiety, pain) that need optimization. Conclusions: Psychotropic medications can support improvement in functioning by treating both pain and psychiatric comorbidity.

关键词： Electroencephalography  

摘要： This revision to the EEG Guidelines is an update incorporating current electroencephalography technology and practice and was previously published as Guideline 5. While the 10-10 system of electrode position nomenclature has been accepted internationally for almost two decades, it has not been used universally. The reasons for this and clinical scenarios when the 10-10 system provides additional localizing information are discussed in this revision. In addition, situations in which AF1/2, AF5/6, PO1/2 and PO5/6 electrode positions may be utilized for EEG recording are discussed. Copyright © 2016 by the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society.