关键词： LONG-term synaptic depression   NEUROPLASTICITY   NEUROPHYSIOLOGY   EMOTIONS (Psychology)   SYNAPSES   CONDITIONED response   AMYGDALOID body  

关键词： EPIDURAL-ANESTHESIA   EXERCISE   HUMANS   RESPONSES   COST  

摘要： The article discusses several studies on the role of muscle afferents in regulation of cardiovascular responses to exercise. A study by researcher T.C. Barbosa and colleagues revealed that muscle afferents affected blood pressure after exercise and a study by I.A. Fernandes and others showed that epidural anaesthesia increased exertion during submaximal cycling. A study by J.H. Mitchell and others showed increased cardiovascular responses to static exercise from epidural anaesthesia.

关键词： Digestion   Passage rate   Mean retention time   Motility   Rumination activity   IRRITABLE-BOWEL-SYNDROME   BREATH METHANE   ANTIBIOTIC-TREATMENT   RUMEN FERMENTATION   COLONIC TRANSIT   GAS-PRODUCTION   FOOD-INTAKE   EMISSIONS   CONSTIPATION   TIME  

摘要： Enteric methane (CH4) production is a side-effect of herbivore digestion, but it is unknown whether CH4 itself influences digestive physiology. We investigated the effect of adding CH4 to, or reducing it in, the reticulorumen (RR) in a 4x4 Latin square experiment with rumen-fistulated, non-lactating cows, with four treatments: (i) control, (ii) insufflation of CH4 (iCH(4)), (iii) N via rumen fistula, (iv) reduction of CH4 via administration of bromochloromethane (BCM). DM intake (DMI), apparent total tract digestibility, digesta mean retention times (MRT), rumen motility and chewing activity, spot breath CH4 emission (CH(4)exhal, litre/kg DMI) as well as CH4 dissolved in rumen fluid (CH(4)RRf, mu g/ml) were measured. Data were analysed using mixed models, including treatment (or, alternatively, CH(4)exhal or CH(4)RRf) and DMI relative to body mass(085) (rDMI) as covariates. rDMI was the lowest on the BCM treatment. CH(4)exhal was highest for iCH(4) and lowest for BCM treatments, whereas only BCM affected (reduced) CH(4)RRf. After adjusting for rDMI, CH(4)RRf had a negative association with MRT in the gastrointestinal tract but not in the RR, and negative associations with fibre digestibility and measures of rumination activity. Adjusting for rDMI, CH(4)exhal had additionally a negative association with particle MRT in the RR and a positive association with rumen motility. Thus, higher rumen levels of CH4 (CH(4)exhal or CH(4)RRf) were associated with shorter MRT and increased motility. These findings are tentatively interpreted as a feedback mechanism in the ruminant digestive tract that aims at mitigating CH4 losses by shortening MRT at higher CH4.

关键词： NEUROPHYSIOLOGY   CLINICAL neurosciences   MEDICAL publishing  

关键词： CONJOINED twins   NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC monitoring   LUMBOSACRAL region   ELECTROMYOGRAPHY   SOMATOSENSORY evoked potentials  

摘要： Objective Describe the intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IOM) used in the separation of two conjoined twins to lumbosacral level. Methods Case report. Six-month-old two twins joined at lumbosacral level, no relevant history or preoperative neurologic deficits. Preoperative magnetic resonance showed fusion of the lumbar-sacral roots. Separation surgery under anesthesia (propofol and fentanyl) was performed. It was recorded with a Cascade Elite, Cadwell, USA; Free run electromyography (EMG) and evoked EMG; transcranial electric motor evoked potentials (tMEP) of the muscles; vastus medialis (VM), tibialis anterior (TA), medial gastrocnemius (MG), extensor hallux (EHA) and anal sphincter bilaterally in both twins. Lower extremities somatosensory evoked potentials in twin 2. Results At baseline the tMEP were evoked: Twin 2 had responses in all muscle, except right TA and GM; twin-1, tMEP only the right GM. During separation, the remaining tMEP were evoked in the twin-1. No neuromiotonic discharges were seen and EMG evoked identified in the twin-1, left EHA and MG left. Postoperatively had no neurological deficit. Conclusions Multimodal MNIO is feasible in separating lumbo-sacral conjoined twins with preservation of neural function. Significance Multimodal MNIO in the separation of lumbo-sacral conjoined twins help to preserve neural function and improve neurological outcome.

关键词： 生物学   教育   生长发育阶段   生物科学   神经生理学   神经心理学   脑神经科学   交叉学科  

摘要： 教育生物学（bio-education）,是从生物学、神经生理学、神经心理学、脑神经科学的角度研究人类教育现象及其一般规律的学科.生物科学与教育科学相融合形成的一门交叉学科.其研究对象是人,着重研究处于接受教育和生长发育阶段的儿童和青少年个体及群体.

关键词： 心灵   中国教育学会   家务劳动   专业委员会   神经生理学   教育专家   副理事长   家庭教育  

摘要： 让孩子参与家务劳动是很多教育者都在积极呼吁的一件事情,但很多家长甚至教育者本身都“只知其然而不知其所以然”.小编邀请了著名儿童教育专家、中国教育学会家庭教育专业委员会副理事长王大龙老师撰文一篇,从现代神经生理学（脑科学）角度为各位家长阐述孩子参与家务劳动的重要意义.目前,将脑科学研究成果应用到儿童早期教育领域是一个非常前沿的早期教育课题,小编也想借王老师的这篇文章让各位家长了解一下儿童脑科学的研究成果,

关键词： NEUROSURGERY   PEDIATRIC surgery   NEUROPHYSIOLOGY   BRAIN mapping   EVOKED potentials (Electrophysiology)   MOTOR neurons   STIMULUS & response (Biology)  

摘要： Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) techniques commonly used in adults should be tailored to pediatric patients. Below the age of 5–6   years, the classical Penfield’s method for cortical mapping often fails to elicit a muscle response due to the immaturity of the motor cortex and the corticospinal tract, while the motor evoked potential (MEP) short-train technique seems more effective. The use of awake surgery in children remains anecdotal and whenever cognitive function need to be investigated, a two-stage surgical approach with the use of subdural grids represents a valid alternative. In brainstem surgery, mapping techniques are valuable in selecting safe entry zones to the dorsal brainstem and during the removal of fourth ventricle tumors infiltrating the brainstem. Combination of direct mapping and subcontinuous monitoring of the corticobulbar MEPs for lower motor cranial nerves minimizes the risk of compromising swallowing and coughing reflexes. In spinal cord surgery , is difficult to record the D-wave in children younger than two years, but its critical role in predicting long-term motor outcome is confirmed in pediatric spinal cord tumors . During surgery of the conus-cauda for spinal dysraphisms , mapping techniques are essential to identify and spare functional neural tissue and, vice versa, to cut non functional structures that may contribute to cord tethering.

关键词： 植物生理学实验教学   教学改革   大学生科研训练  

摘要： 将本科生科研训练和植物生理实验教学改革进行融合并轨,针对植物生理学实验教学中存在的问题,对实验教学内容和方法进行改革和探索,将实验教学与科研训练有机结合,充分调动学生的学习主动性和积极性,培养学生综合科研能力和团队协作精神,这是提高大学生实践能力与创新能力的有效途径。