关键词： Electroencephalography montage   10-10 system   International 10-20 system   Adult   Pediatric  

摘要： This revision to the EEG Guidelines is an update incorporating current electroencephalography technology and practice and was previously published as Guideline 6. A discussion of methodology for the appropriate selection of reference electrodes is added. In addition, montages are added to assist with localization of abnormal activity in mesial frontal and anterior temporal regions.

关键词： EEG   Reporting   Routine   Adult   Pediatric   Guideline   TERMINOLOGY  

摘要： This EEG Guideline incorporates the practice of structuring a report of results obtained during routine adult electroencephalography. It is intended to reflect one of the current practices in reporting an EEG and serves as a revision of the previous guideline entitled Writing an EEG Report. The goal of this guideline is not only to convey clinically relevant information, but also to improve interrater reliability for clinical and research use by standardizing the format of EEG reports. With this in mind, there is expanded documentation of the patient history to include more relevant clinical information that can affect the EEG recording and interpretation. Recommendations for the technical conditions of the recording are also enhanced to include post hoc review parameters and type of EEG recording. Sleep feature documentation is also expanded upon. More descriptive terms are included for background features and interictal discharges that are concordant with efforts to standardize terminology. In the clinical correlation section, examples of common clinical scenarios are now provided that encourages uniformity in reporting. Including digital samples of abnormal waveforms is now readily available with current EEG recording systems and may be beneficial in augmenting reports when controversial waveforms or important features are encountered.

关键词： digestibility   digestive enzymes   extrusion   pacu   pelletization   starch gelatinization   TILAPIA OREOCHROMIS-NILOTICUS   TAMBAQUI COLOSSOMA-MACROPOMUM   WAXY MAIZE STARCH   SPARUS-AURATA   NILE TILAPIA   DIFFERENT PROTEIN   ENZYME-ACTIVITIES   GROWTH   DIGESTIBILITY   PERFORMANCE  

摘要： The responses of the digestive physiology of juvenile pacu to different diet processing were studied. Fish were fed with isoproteic diets with 260 g kg(-1) of crude protein (CP) containing different levels of carbohydrate (DCh) (400 or 500 g kg(-1)), and two diet processing (pelletization or extrusion) for 90 days. Fish fed with extruded diets showed decrease of the gastrointestinal transit time (GI transfer) and of the amylase activity, but maltase activity did not alter. Protease activity of intestine depicted increase when the DCh was raised. The increase of DCh also caused enhancement of the apparent digestibility coefficient of CP (ADCCP) in fish fed with extruded diets. Fish fed with pelletized diets showed increase of the amylase activity in pyloric caecum independently of the dietary carbohydrate level. No interaction was observed between dietary carbohydrate level and diet processing. Maltase activities from the stomach and intestine of pacu were not responsive to the carbohydrate level. The extrusion process improved the carbohydrate availability and the digestion efficiency of protein in pacu. Digestive enzymes of pacu were modulated either by nutrients or diet processing.

关键词： kyphosis   kyphoscoliosis   ehlers-danlos syndrome   intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring   ionm   ssep   mep   neurophysiology   paraplegia   o-arm   VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS  

摘要： A 16-year-old male patient with Ehler-Danlos syndrome (EDS) and a back deformity since birth presented with severe kyphoscoliosis. The patient was neurologically intact but had respiratory and cardiac insufficiencies. A two-stage vertebral column resection (VCR) at T9-T10 with multiple level fusion with multimodality intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) was planned. During the first stage, pedicle screws were placed at multiple spinal levels above and below the VCR level. Upper and lower somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP), transcranial electrical motor evoked potentials (TCeMEP), and electromyography were monitored continuously and showed no significant changes. The second stage was performed one week later. Baseline SSEP and TCeMEP responses were present in all extremities. The surgeon was informed of a sudden 70% amplitude drop in TCeMEP in the lower limbs with stable SSEP after ligating one of the left nerves/vessels fully stretching the spinal cord. The surgeon removed the ligation, and an improvement in motor responses followed. Surgery proceeded with the highest levels of caution. Later, there was a sudden loss of TCeMEP and SSEP in the lower limbs bilaterally. The correction was released, mean arterial pressure was increased, and intravenous dexamethasone was administered. The surgical correction was aborted, and the decision was made to close the site. Lower SSEP and TCeMEP responses remained absent until closing, while upper SSEP and TCeMEP responses remained stable. A wake-up test was done after closing. The patient moved his upper limbs but was unable to move his lower limbs bilaterally. The patient was sent for a magnetic resonance imaging scan while intubated and then sent to the intensive care unit. At 24 hours and 36 hours postoperation, the patient had no sensory and motor function below the T8 level. Forty-eight hours post-operation, the patient started to feel sensory stimuli at the T10 level. At one week postoperation, the patie

关键词： Digestion   Digestion models   Infant   Lipid   Malabsorption   FATTY-ACID UPTAKE   CELL-LINE CACO-2   MEDIUM-CHAIN TRIGLYCERIDES   BILE-SALT METABOLISM   HUMAN-MILK   GASTRIC LIPASE   PREMATURE-INFANTS   PRETERM INFANTS   PANCREATIC-ENZYMES   SMALL-INTESTINE  

摘要： Lipids play an important role in the diet of preterm and term infants providing a key energy source and essential lipid components for development. While a lot is known about adult lipid digestion, our understanding of infant digestion physiology is still incomplete, the greatest gap being on the biochemistry of the small intestine, particularly the activity and relative importance of the various lipases active in the intestine. The literature has been reviewed to identify the characteristics of lipid digestion of preterm and term infants, but also to better understand the physiology of the infant gastrointestinal tract compared to adults that impacts the absorption of lipids. The main differences are a higher gastric pH, submicellar bile salt concentration, a far more important role of gastric lipases as well as differences at the level of the intestinal barrier. Importantly, the consequences of improper in vitro replication of gastric digestions conditions (pH and lipase specificity) are demonstrated using examples from the most recent of studies. It is true that some animal models could be adapted to study infant lipid digestion physiology, however the ethical relevance of such models is questionable, hence the development of accurate in vitro models is a must. In vitro models that combine up to date knowledge of digestion biochemistry with intestinal cells in culture are the best choice to replicate digestion and absorption in infant population, this would allow the adaptation of infant formula for a better digestion and absorption of dietary lipids by preterm and term infants.

关键词： AEP   exercise   mental health   Accredited Exercise Physiologist   consensus statement   PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY INTERVENTIONS   CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS   PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS   RISK-FACTORS   WEIGHT-LOSS   PEOPLE   SCHIZOPHRENIA   METAANALYSIS   DEPRESSION   QUALITY  

摘要： Objective: The aim is to identify the role and scope of Accredited Exercise Physiologist (AEP) services in the mental health sector and to provide insight as to how AEPs can contribute to the multidisciplinary mental health team. Methods: A modified Delphi approach was utilised. Thirteen AEPs with experience in mental health contributed to the iterative development of a national consensus statement. Six mental health professionals with expertise in psychiatry, mental health nursing, general practice and mental health research participated in the review process. Reviewers were provided with a template to systematically provide feedback on the language, content, structure and relevance to their professional group. Results: This consensus statement outlines how AEPs can contribute to the multidisciplinary mental health team, the aims and scope of AEP-led interventions in mental health services and examples of such interventions, the range of physical and mental health outcomes possible through AEP-led interventions and common referral pathways to community AEP services. Outcome: AEPs can play a key role in the treatment of individuals experiencing mental illness. The diversity of AEP interventions allows for a holistic approach to care, enhancing both physical and mental health outcomes.

关键词： electroencephalography   EEG   guideline   digital recording  

摘要： Digital EEG recording systems are now widely available and relatively inexpensive. They offer multiple advantages over previous analog/paper systems, such as higher fidelity recording, signal postprocessing, automated detection, and efficient data storage. This document provides guidance for the creation of digital EEG recordings including (1) documentation of patient information, (2) notation of information during the recording, (3) digital signal acquisition parameters during the recording, (4) storage of digital information, and (5) display of digital EEG signals.

关键词： Pain neurophysiology education   Chronic pain   Qualitative   INTERPRETATIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS   LOW-BACK-PAIN   HEALTH  

摘要： Objective: Pain neurophysiology education (PNE), a method of pain education, purports to work by helping patients reconceptualise their pain, shifting from a tissue injury model towards a biopsychosocial understanding related to neural sensitivity. Better understanding of pain reconceptualisation following PNE is needed to improve the delivery of this educational approach to enhance its effectiveness. This study aimed to investigate the extent and nature of reconceptualisation following PNE. Methods: In a qualitative design, based on Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis, thematic analysis was carried out on individual interviews with 7 adults before and three weeks after receiving PNE at a pain clinic. Results: Three themes emerged describing variable degrees of reconceptualisation; prior beliefs as facilitators and barriers to reconceptualisation; and the influence of reconceptualisation on clinical benefits of PNE. Conclusion: The results lend support to claims that reconceptualisation is an important mechanism in PNE and justify further investigation of this phenomenon. Practical implications: When delivering PNE to patients with chronic pain helping patients to reconceptualise their pain may be key to enhancing the clinical benefits of the intervention. Understanding prior beliefs may be an important step in facilitating reconceptualisation. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Electroencephalography electrode position   10-10 System   International 10-20 system   Adult   Pediatric  

摘要： This revision to the EEG Guidelines is an update incorporating current electroencephalography technology and practice and was previously published as Guideline 5. While the 10-10 system of electrode position nomenclature has been accepted internationally for almost two decades, it has not been used universally. The reasons for this and clinical scenarios when the 10-10 system provides additional localizing information are discussed in this revision. In addition, situations in which AF1/2, AF5/6, PO1/2 and PO5/6 electrode positions may be utilized for EEG recording are discussed.

关键词： EEG equipment   EEG electrode   EEG montage   EEG brain death   EEG report   Adult   Pediatric   Neonatal   BRAIN-DEATH   CARE  

摘要： This revision to the EEG Guidelines is an update incorporating current EEG technology and practice. The role of the EEG in making the determination of brain death is discussed as are suggested technical criteria for making the diagnosis of electrocerebral inactivity.