关键词： Electroencephalography   EEG   Guideline   Technical Standard   SLEEP   EPILEPSY   EEG  

摘要： This statement is provided as an educational service of the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society (ACNS). It is based on an assessment of current scientific and clinical information. It is not intended to include all possible proper methods of care for a particular problem or all legitimate criteria for choosing to use a specific procedure. Neither is it intended to exclude any reasonable alternative methodologies. American Clinical Neurophysiology Society recognizes that specific patient care decisions are the prerogative of the patient and the physician caring for the patient based on all of the circumstances involved. The clinical context section is made available to place the evidence-based guidelines into perspective with current practice habits and challenges. Formal practice recommendations are not intended to replace clinical judgment. © 2016 by the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society.

关键词： Aging   Transcranial magnetic stimulation   Motor cortex   Cortical plasticity   Cortical excitability   Gamma-aminobutyric acid   PAIRED ASSOCIATIVE STIMULATION   AGE-RELATED DIFFERENCES   LONG-TERM POTENTIATION   INTERVAL INTRACORTICAL INHIBITION   NONINVASIVE BRAIN-STIMULATION   LATENCY AFFERENT INHIBITION   USE-DEPENDENT PLASTICITY   OLDER-ADULTS   CORTICOSPINAL EXCITABILITY   CORTICAL PLASTICITY  

摘要： Objective: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive tool used for studying cortical excitability and plasticity in the human brain. This review aims to quantitatively synthesize the literature on age-related differences in cortical excitability and plasticity, examined by TMS. Methods: A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO from 1980 to December 2015. We extracted studies with healthy old (50-89 years) versus young (16-49 years) individuals that utilized the following TMS measures: resting motor threshold (RMT), short-interval cortical inhibition (SICI), short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI), cortical silent period (CSP), intracortical facilitation (ICF), and paired associative stimulation (PAS). Results: We found a significant increase in RMT (g = 0.414, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.284, 0.544], p < 0.001), a significant decrease in SAI (g = 0.778, 95% CI [0.478, 1.078], p < 0.001), and a trending decrease in LTP-like plasticity (g = -0.528, 95% CI [-1.157, 0.100] p < 0.1) with age. Conclusions: Our findings suggest an age-dependent reduction in cortical excitability and sensorimotor integration within the human motor cortex. Significance: Alterations in the ability to regulate cortical excitability, sensorimotor integration and plasticity may underlie several age-related motor deficits. (C) 2016 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Electroencephalography   EEG   Guideline   Technical   Neonate   Children   Pediatric   Hyperventilation   Photic Stimulation   Montage   Electrode   Filter   Postmenstrual Age   Conceptional Age   Therapeutic Hypothermia   EEG  

摘要： This revision to the EEG Guidelines is an update incorporating the current electroencephalography technology and practice. It was previously published as Guideline 2. Similar to the prior guideline, it delineates the aspects of Guideline 1 that should be modified for neonates and young children. Recording conditions for photic stimulation and hyperventilation are revised to enhance the provocation of epileptiform discharges. Revisions recognize the difficulties involved in performing an EEG under sedation in young children. Recommended neonatal EEG montages are displayed for the reduced set of electrodes only since the montages in Guideline 3 should be used for a 21-electrode 10-20 system array. Neonatal documentation is updated to use current American Academy of Pediatrics term postmenstrual age rather than conceptional age. Finally, because therapeutic hypothermia alters the prognostic value of neonatal EEG, the necessity of documenting the patient's temperature at the time of recording is emphasized.

关键词： Theory of event coding   Event files   Response selection   Categorization   EEG   Source localization   Perception   STIMULUS-RESPONSE EPISODES   COGNITIVE CONTROL   FEATURE BINDING   VISUAL FEATURE   PERCEPTION   INTEGRATION   ATTENTION   PARIETAL   ACTIVATION   MECHANISMS  

摘要： Mechanisms responsible for the integration of perceptual events and appropriate actions (sensorimotor processes) have been subject to intense research. Different theoretical frameworks have been put forward with the "Theory of Event Coding (TEC)" being one of the most influential. In the current study, we focus on the concept of 'event files' within TEC and examine what sub-processes being dissociable by means of cognitive-neurophysiological methods are involved in voluntary event coding. This was combined with EEG source localization. We also introduce reward manipulations to delineate the neurophysiological sub-processes most relevant for performance variations during event coding. The results show that processes involved in voluntary event coding included predominantly stimulus categorization, feature unbinding and response selection, which were reflected by distinct neurophysiological processes (the P1, N2 and P3 ERPs). On a system's neurophysiological level, voluntary event-file coding is thus related to widely distributed parietal-medial frontal networks. Attentional selection processes (N1 ERP) turned out to be less important. Reward modulated stimulus categorization in parietal regions likely reflecting aspects of perceptual decision making but not in other processes. The perceptual categorization stage appears central for voluntary event-file coding. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： 焦虑症   心理生理学反应   模拟应激   HAMA分数  

摘要： 目的对焦虑症患者心理生理学反应进行分析研究,以期找到具体的治疗方法。方法选取我院2013年6月至2015年12月收治的29例焦虑症患者作为研究对象,另选取28例健康志愿者作为对照组,对两组模拟应激前后的心理生理学指标进行检测分析。结果焦虑症患者的心率和低频峰功率均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);焦虑症患者的焦虑特性的分值和模拟应激之后的皮肤电反应呈正相关,LF/HF1和汉密顿焦虑量表的精神焦虑因子减分是反向关系(P<0.05);脉搏血流图变化值和汉密顿焦虑量表中的躯体焦虑因子减分是反向关系(P<0.05)。结论焦虑症患者存在交感神经亢进症状,其一些心理和生理指标会对临床疗效产生一定影响。

关键词： 认知障碍   神经心理学   神经生理学   阿尔茨海默病   痴呆   随访研究  

摘要： 目的探讨轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)患者脑功能随时间在神经心理学和神经生理学方面的变化特征及规律。方法选取MCI患者11例(MCI组),另选择老年健康体检者14例(对照组)。分别于入选时和3年时对受试者进行汉密尔顿焦虑抑郁量表、简易智能状态检查量表、临床记忆量表评分;分别采集脑电信号。比较2组受试者各量表评分及脑电Lemple-Ziv复杂度(LZC)的变化特点。结果与入选时比较,MCI组3年时指向记忆、联想学习、无意义图形再认评分明显降低,差异有统计学意义[(12.40±5.66)分vs(16.34±5.58)分,(12.75±5.98)分vs(15.71±5.49)分,(15.85±4.07)分vs(18.21±6.09)分,P<0.05]。对照组3年时左额区、左半球、左颞区LZC值明显高于MCI组(0.484±0.038 vs 0.427±0.076,0.473±0.019 vs 0.435±0.047,0.472±0.045 vs0.421±0.039,P<0.05,P<0.01)。MCI组3年时左颞区、左半球LZC值明显小于右颞区、右半球LZC值(P<0.05);而对照组入选时及3年时均左侧优势为主,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 LZC及联想学习均可作为认知功能损害变化较为灵敏的观察指标。

关键词： EXPRESS SACCADES   SUPERIOR   RESPONSES   SIGNALS  

摘要： The author comments on a paper by N. J. Hall and C. L. Colby about the neurophysiology of monkeys in relation to understanding of the human brain. Topics discussed include research on human psychophysics, the role of the midbrain structure superior colliculus (SC) on visual processing and the control of eye movement, and the aim of neuroscience and psychophysics to understand the human brain.

关键词： Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)   Gut-brain axis   Endophenotype   Probiotic Vivomixx (R)   Quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG)   Phtalates   GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOMS   REPETITIVE BEHAVIOR   TYPICAL CHILDREN   MICROBIOTA   FECES   AXIS   PRESCHOOLERS   INFLAMMATION   ASSOCIATION   DYSFUNCTION  

摘要： Background: A high prevalence of a variety of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms is frequently reported in patients with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). The GI disturbances in ASD might be linked to gut dysbiosis representing the observable phenotype of a "gut-brain axis" disruption. The exploitation of strategies which can restore normal gut microbiota and reduce the gut production and absorption of toxins, such as probiotics addition/supplementation in a diet, may represent a non-pharmacological option in the treatment of GI disturbances in ASD. The aim of this randomized controlled trial is to determine the effects of supplementation with a probiotic mixture (Vivomixx (R)) in ASD children not only on specific GI symptoms, but also on the core deficits of the disorder, on cognitive and language development, and on brain function and connectivity. An ancillary aim is to evaluate possible effects of probiotic supplementation on urinary concentrations of phthalates (chemical pollutants) which have been previously linked to ASD. Methods: A group of 100 preschoolers with ASD will be classified as belonging to a GI group or to a Non-GI (NGI) group on the basis of a symptom severity index specific to GI disorders. In order to obtain four arms, subjects belonging to the two groups (GI and NGI) will be blind randomized 1: 1 to regular diet with probiotics or with placebo for 6 months. All participants will be assessed at baseline, after three months and after six months from baseline in order to evaluate the possible changes in: (1) GI symptoms; (2) autism symptoms severity; (3) affective and behavioral comorbid symptoms; (4) plasmatic, urinary and fecal biomarkers related to abnormal intestinal function; (5) neurophysiological patterns. Discussion: The effects of treatments with probiotics on children with ASD need to be evaluated through rigorous controlled trials. Examining the impact of probiotics not only on clinical but also on neurophysiological patterns, the current t

关键词： 肝性脑病   神经心理学   扑翼样震颤   临床型   临床综合征   定向障碍   血氨浓度   神经生理学   氨中毒学说   隐匿性  

摘要： 轻微肝性脑病（CHE）又称隐匿性肝性脑病,是指肝硬化患者出现神经心理学和（或）神经生理学异常,但无定向障碍及扑翼样震颤的一种临床综合征。因其临床表现隐匿,难以及时发现,部分患者因延误治疗可进展为临床型肝性脑病,及时治疗可显著改善其临床进程。