关键词： Milk meal size   Abomasal capacity   Backflow   Ingestion   Indigestion   AD-LIBITUM MILK   FEEDING-BEHAVIOR   YOUNG CALVES   SUCKING   PERFORMANCE   NEWBORN   STOMACH   CALF  

摘要： It is commonly believed that young calves should not be fed more than about 21 of milk per meal. If calves are fed beyond this volume, it is said that the capacity of the abomasum may be exceeded and that milk could enter the rumen. This can disturb the microbial flora/fauna of the rumen and increase the risk of indigestion, diarrhoea and reduced growth. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of large milk meals on digestive physiology and behaviour in dairy calves. Six calves (19-23 days of age at the beginning of the experiment) were fed 21 of warm whole milk by teat bottle three times per day, which was the recommended Norwegian feeding regime at the time. The calves were given free access to hay, concentrates and water. During three morning feeding sessions, each separated by 48 h, all calves were offered larger meals. The offered amounts were calculated according to the within patient 3-level Response Surface Pathway (RSP) design. The milk given on the three test days contained a contrast medium (barium sulphate), and the animals were radiographed before, during and immediately after intake to reveal whether milk entered the rumen. Four out of the six calves drank more than 5 I in one meal and the highest voluntary intake was 6.81 in one meal (13.2% of BW). Abdominal radiographs showed that the abomasum has a large ability for distension. Milk in the rumen was not observed in any of the calves, regardless of intake. The behaviour of the calves was observed for 2 h after each test session. No behaviour indicating abdominal pain or discomfort was observed regardless of intake. The results indicate that when warm whole milk is administered from a teat bottle, farmers can increase the amount of milk they offer their calves beyond the traditionally recommended portion size without risk of milk entering the rumen. Hence, farmers who want to feed their calves more milk can do so by increasing meal sizes, and not necessarily by introducing an additional meal.

关键词： 博士研究生   河北医科大学   英国布里斯托大学   临床医学系   生理教研室   学术带头人   神经生理学   学士学位  

摘要： 王升，1971年5月出生，河北医科大学生理教研室教授、学术带头人、博士研究生导师。1995年毕业于河北医科大学临床医学系获医学学士学位。2001年获河北医科大学医学硕士学位。2002-2006年在英国布里斯托大学生理系学习，师从SergeyKasparov和JulianPaton教授，从事心血管神经生理学研究，2006年获博士学位。

关键词： visual perceptions   change blindness   visual misinterpretations  

摘要： Failed perceptions of clinical abnormalities may have a neurophysiological explanation including three major covert eye problems and seven major brain-processing problems. Seven suggestions are made in an attempt to minimise their effect. We see in detail much less than we think and there is no substitute for seeing real-life clinical abnormalities.

关键词： Syncope (Pathology) -- Diagnosis   Neurophysiology   Cardiology   Neurophysiologists   Pathological physiology   Medical centers   Correlation (Statistics)  

关键词： Syncope   Reflex syncope   Orthostatic hypotension   Tilt table test   Head-up tilt   HEAD-UP TILT   VASOVAGAL SYNCOPE   UNEXPLAINED SYNCOPE   ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION   MANAGEMENT DIAGNOSIS   MAIN DETERMINANT   CARDIAC-OUTPUT   REFLEX SYNCOPE   TRANSIENT LOSS   OLDER-PEOPLE  

摘要： Reflex syncope is responsible for 1-6% of hospital admissions and the economic burden of syncope is huge. A considerable part of these high costs is still spent on tests that are not indicated. Till now few neurologists have taken an interest in syncope and tilt table testing (TTT). However, reflex syncope and epilepsy are often in each other's differential diagnosis and require a similar emphasis on history taking and deductive reasoning. A TTT can be helpful for diagnosis and treatment. The pathophysiological rationale behind the TTT is the fact that it uses gravity to provoke a downwards shift of blood that in turn triggers syncope. Various indications and methods of the TTT are discussed in this paper. (C) 2015 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： REGENERATION   INSECTS  

摘要： Background Many insects can regenerate limbs, but less is known about the regrowth process with regard to limb injury type. As part of our neurophysiology education experiments involving the removal of a cockroach leg, 1) the ability of Blaberus discoidalis cockroaches to regenerate a metathoracic leg was examined following autotomy at the femur/trochanter joint versus severance via a transverse coxa-cut, and 2) the neurophysiology of the detached legs with regard to leg removal type was studied by measuring spike firing rate and microstimulation movement thresholds. Leg Regrowth Results First appearance of leg regrowth was after 5 weeks in the autotomy group and 12 weeks in the coxa-cut group. Moreover, regenerated legs in the autotomy group were 72% of full size on first appearance, significantly larger (p<0.05) than coxa-cut legs (29% of full size at first appearance). Regenerated legs in both groups grew in size with each subsequent molt; the autotomy-removed legs grew to full size within 18 weeks, whereas coxa-cut legs took longer than 28 weeks to regrow. Removal of the metathoracic leg in both conditions did not have an effect on mortality compared to matched controls with unmolested legs. Neurophysiology Results Autotomy-removed legs had lower spontaneous firing rates, similar marked increased firing rates upon tactile manipulation of tibial barbs, and a 10% higher electrical microstimulation threshold for movement. Summary It is recommended that neurophysiology experiments on cockroach legs remove the limb at autotomy joints instead of coxa cuts, as the leg regenerates significantly faster when autotomized and does not detract from the neurophysiology educational content.

关键词： L2 substitutions   interdental fricative   Dutch   German   non-native phoneme perception   MMN   ERP   SPOKEN WORD-RECOGNITION   MISMATCH NEGATIVITY   BRAIN RESPONSES   CROSS-LANGUAGE   REPRESENTATIONS   CONSONANTS   CONTRASTS   ATTENTION   DURATION  

摘要： The Mismatch Negativity (MMN) response has often been used to measure memory traces for phonological representations and to show effects of long-term native language (L1) experience on neural organization. We know little about whether phonological representations of non-native (L2) phonemes are modulated by experience with distinct non-native accents. We used MMN to examine effects of experience with L2-accented speech on auditory brain responses. Specifically, we tested whether it is long-term experience with language-specific L2 pronunciations or instead acoustic similarity between L2 speech sounds that modulates non-native phoneme perception. We registered MMN responses of Dutch and German proficient L2 speakers of English to the English interdental fricative /theta/ and compared it to its non-native pronunciations /s/ (typical pronunciation of /theta/ for German speakers) and /t/ (typical pronunciation of /theta/ for Dutch speakers). Dutch and German listeners heard the English pseudoword thond and its pronunciation deviants sond and tond. We computed the identity Mismatch Negativity (iMMN) by analyzing the difference in ERPs when the deviants were the frequent vs. the infrequent stimulus for the respective group of L2 listeners. For both groups, fond and sond elicited mismatch effects of comparable size. Overall, the results suggest that experience with deviant pronunciations of L2 speech sounds in foreign accented speech does not alter auditory memory traces. Instead, non-native phoneme perception seems to be modulated by acoustic similarity between speech sounds rather than by experience with typical L2 pronunciation patterns.

关键词： circadian   synaptic transmission and plasticity   psychiatric disorders   mouse models   reward   LAMINA-SPECIFIC ABNORMALITIES   MOUSE SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX   MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER   VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA   RETINAL GANGLION-CELLS   MANIA-LIKE BEHAVIOR   FACTOR-KAPPA-B   REV-ERB-ALPHA   BIPOLAR DISORDER   MOOD DISORDERS  

摘要： Evidence from clinical and preclinical research provides an undeniable link between disruptions in the circadian clock and the development of psychiatric diseases, including mood and substance abuse disorders. The molecular clock, which controls daily patterns of physiological and behavioral activity in living organisms, when desynchronized, may exacerbate or precipitate symptoms of psychiatric illness. One of the outstanding questions remaining in this field is that of cause and effect in the relationship between circadian rhythm disruption and psychiatric disease. Focus has recently turned to uncovering the role of circadian proteins beyond the maintenance of homeostatic systems and outside of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the master pacemaker region of the brain. In this regard, several groups, including our own, have sought to understand how circadian proteins regulate mechanisms of synaptic plasticity and neurotransmitter signaling in mesocorticolimbic brain regions, which are known to be critically involved in reward processing and mood. This regulation can come in the form of direct transcriptional control of genes central to mood and reward, including those associated with dopaminergic activity in the midbrain. It can also be seen at the circuit level through indirect connections of mesocorticolimbic regions with the SCN. Circadian misalignment paradigms as well as genetic models of circadian disruption have helped to elucidate some of the complex interactions between these systems and neural activity influencing behavior. In this review, we explore findings that link circadian protein function with synaptic adaptations underlying plasticity as it may contribute to the development of mood disorders and addiction. In light of recent advances in technology and sophisticated methods for molecular and circuit-level interrogation, we propose future directions aimed at teasing apart mechanisms through which the circadian system modulates mood and reward-relat

关键词： 神经生理学   虫草素   自发交替行为   海马结构   腺苷受体   认知功能  

摘要： 学习记忆是大脑最重要的高级神经功能之一，海马结构是学习记忆的结构基础。腺苷作为一种内源性神经调质，在调节中枢神经系统突触传递及学习记忆功能方面发挥重要作用。大量研究证实，腺苷A1受体和A2a受体由于其激活程度和所处细胞类型等不同，可激活不同下游信号通路，进而产生多种生物学效应。虫草素（3\'-脱氧腺苷）能提高学习记忆能力，因此我们推测虫草素有可能通过调控海马腺苷系统发挥益智作用。\n 本研究对小鼠进行不同剂量(5和10mg/kg)及不同周期（2和3weeks）的虫草素灌胃处理，采用自发交替行为(spontaneous alternation behavior，SAB)并结合免疫组化和高效液相色谱的实验方法，探讨虫草素对小鼠学习记忆及海马腺苷受体表达水平、腺苷含量的影响。实验结果如下:\n 1.不论虫草素剂量为5mg/kg还是10mg/kg，灌胃周期为2w或者3w，虫草素对小鼠体重和海马重均没有显著性影响(p＜0.05)。\n 2.灌胃2w和3w虫草素后，5mg/kg和10mg/kg组的小鼠进入臂的总次数与对照组相比，均无显著性差异(p＞0.05)。选择正确率的统计结果显示，灌胃2w虫草素后，与对照组相比，5mg/kg组有增高的趋势，但不具有显著性差异(p＞0.05)，而10mg/kg组显著增高(p＜0.05);灌胃3w虫草素后，不论5mg/kg还是10mg/kg组均显著高于对照组(p＜0.05)。\n 3.与对照组相比，灌胃2w虫草素后，5mg/kg组小鼠海马CA1区腺苷A1受体表达水平显著降低(p＜0.05)，CA3区和DG区腺昔A1受体表达水平虽呈现降低的趋势但无显著性差异(p＞0.05);10mg/kg组CA1区、CA3区和DG区腺昔A1受体表达水平均显著降低(p＜0.05)。灌胃3w虫草素后，5mg/kg组CA1区、CA3区和DG区腺苷A1受体表达水平与灌胃2w的情况一致;10mg/kg组CA1区和DG区腺苷A1受体表达水平均显著降低(p＜0.05); CA3区腺苷A1受体表达水平总体呈现降低的趋势但无显著性差异(p＞0.05)。\n 4.与对照组相比，灌胃2w虫草素后，5mg/kg和10mg/kg组CA1区、CA3区和DG区腺苷A2a受体表达水平均无显著性差异(p＞0.05)。灌胃3w虫草素后，5mg/kg组CA1区和CA3区腺苷A2a受体表达水平显著降低(p＜0.05)，DG区腺苷A2a受体表达水平总体呈现降低的趋势但无显著性差异(p＞0.05);10mg/kg组CA1区、CA3区和DG区腺苷A2a受体表达水平显著降低(p＜0.05)。\n 5.不论虫草素剂量为5mg/kg还是10mg/kg，灌胃周期为2 w或者3w，虫草素对小鼠海马内腺苷含量不存在明显的影响(p＞0.05)。\n 上述结果表明，本实验选取的虫草素灌胃剂量安全有效，且提高小鼠自发交替行为正确率，存在剂量和周期相关性。2w的给药周期主要影响腺苷A1受体的表达;3w给药周期除了影响腺苷A1受体的表达，还可能调节腺苷A2a受体的表达。我们的实验结果为阐明虫草素提高认知功能提供进一步的实验证据。

关键词： 神经生理学   虫草素   海马脑片   Schaffer-CA1通路   突触传递   长时程增强   氧糖剥夺  

摘要： 虫草素(Cordycepin)又称3\'-脱氧腺苷，是从传统中药蛹虫草中提取的腺苷类活性物质。本实验室前期研究表明虫草素能够提高学习记忆能力，减轻脑缺血导致的认知障碍。突触传递是脑行使正常生理功能的基本过程，长时程增强（long-term potentiation，LTP）是学习记忆的重要的神经机制之一。因此，我们推测虫草素提高学习记忆和减轻脑缺血导致的认知障碍可能与调控突触传递和LTP的诱导有关，并对此做深入的研究。\n 本实验以昆明小鼠为实验材料，自发选择行为(spontaneous alternationbehavior，SAB)检测小鼠的记忆;胞外场电位技术记录小鼠海马脑片Schaffer-CA1(SC-CA1)通路的兴奋性突触后场电位(field excitatory postsynaptic potential，fEPSP);氧糖剥夺(oxygen and glucose deprivation，OGD)模拟急性脑缺血离体模型。包括两部分的研究内容:1、虫草素对小鼠SAB、突触传递和LTP产生的影响;2、虫草素对OGD海马脑片突触传递和LTP产生的影响。实验结果如下:\n 1.10mg/kg剂量的虫草素灌胃给药，显著提高小鼠SAB的正确反应率(P＜0.05)，但不影响小鼠总的活动次数(P＞0.05)。\n 2.与对照组比较，随着检测刺激强度的增强，灌胃虫草素对小鼠海马脑片SC-CA1通路fEPSP的斜率（I-O曲线）无显著影响(P＞0.05)，却显著提高theta节律串刺激(theta burst stimulation，TBS)诱导的LTP幅度(P＜0.05)。\n 3.离体海马脑片灌流20μg/ml虫草素15min，对SC-CA1通路fEPSP斜率呈显著抑制作用(P＜0.05)，期间给予TBS无法诱导LTP。\n ***处理10min降低fEPSP斜率，恢复氧糖供应后，fEPSP斜率逐渐恢复并稳定在基线水平。在OGD处理前20μg/ml虫草素预处理15min，fEPSP斜率变化趋势与OGD组相似。两组fEPSP斜率不存在明显变化(P＞0.05)。\n ***结束后给予TBS处理无法诱导LTP，但虫草素预处理则可以成功诱导出LTP。\n 上述结果表明，(1)虫草素能提高小鼠的空间工作记忆和短时记忆，这种作用可能与虫草素提高小鼠海马SC-CA1通路LTP的形成有关;(2)虫草素灌流抑制突触传递，作用期间无法诱导产生LTP;(3)虫草素不影响OGD处理下的突触传递;(4)OGD处理后无法诱导产生LTP，而虫草素预处理则可以逆转LTP的诱导障碍。提示虽然虫草素在正常动物和脑缺血动物的突触传递中表现出不同的调节作用，但其改善学习记忆的功效可能与促进LTP的诱导有关。