关键词： COVID-19 pandemic   epilepsy monitoring units (EMUs)   ILAE   IFCN   video-EEG   EEG   MISDIAGNOSIS   SURGERY   MORTALITY   CHILDREN  

摘要： Restructuring of healthcare services during the COVID-19 pandemic has led to lockdown of epilepsy monitoring units (EMUs) in many hospitals. The ad-hoc taskforce of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN) highlights the detrimental effect of postponing video-EEG monitoring of patients with epilepsy and other paroxysmal events. The taskforce calls for action for continued functioning of EMUs during emergency situations, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Long-term video-EEG monitoring is an essential diagnostic service. Access to video-EEG monitoring of the patients in the EMUs must be given high priority. Patients should be screened for COVID-19, before admission, according to the local regulations. Local policies for COVID-19 infection control should be adhered to during the video-EEG monitoring. In cases of differential diagnosis in which reduction of antiseizure medication is not required, home video-EEG monitoring should be considered as an alternative in selected patients.

关键词： Spinal cord injury   Epidural spinal cord stimulation   Monosynaptic reflexes   Polysynaptic reflexes   Sustain stimulation   Neural processing   POST-ACTIVATION DEPRESSION   HUMAN LUMBOSACRAL CORD   ELECTRICAL-STIMULATION   POSTERIOR STRUCTURES   POSTACTIVATION DEPRESSION   H-REFLEX   HABITUATION   SPASTICITY   DISHABITUATION   MOVEMENTS  

摘要： Increased use of epidural Spinal Cord Stimulation (eSCS) for the rehabilitation of spinal cord injury (SCI) has highlighted the need for a greater understanding of the properties of reflex circuits in the isolated spinal cord, particularly in response to repetitive stimulation. Here, we investigate the frequency-dependence of modulation of short- and long-latency EMG responses of lower limb muscles in patients with SCI at rest. Single stimuli could evoke short-latency responses as well as long-latency (likely polysynaptic) responses. The short-latency component was enhanced at low frequencies and declined at higher rates. In all muscles, the effects of eSCS were more complex if polysynaptic activity was elicited, making the motor output become an active process expressed either as suppression, tonic or rhythmical activity. The polysynaptic activity threshold is not constant and might vary with different stimulation frequencies, which speaks for its temporal dependency. Polysynaptic components can be observed as direct responses, neuromodulation of monosynaptic responses or driving the muscle activity by themselves, depending on the frequency level. We suggest that the presence of polysynaptic activity could be a potential predictor for appropriate stimulation conditions. This work studies the complex behaviour of spinal circuits deprived of voluntary motor control from the brain and in the absence of any other inputs. This is done by describing the monosynaptic responses, polysynaptic activity, and its interaction through its input-output interaction with sustain stimulation that, unlike single stimuli used to study the reflex pathway, can strongly influence the interneuron circuitry and reveal a broader spectrum of connectivity.

关键词： neurophysiology  

摘要： [...]with any service, there are inevitable issues related to supply and demand, and indeed financial considerations.5 However, such matters should not be the core consideration when asking who is best placed to undertake the neurophysiological testing of patients presenting with neurological problems. Taken from a different perspective, were you to ask aspiring neurologists as to their preference—undertake their own neurophysiological testing, or outsource it to a separate craft group—I would venture to guess that those with a relevant subspecialty interest, where neurophysiological testing forms part of standard patient diagnostic workup and monitoring, would ask to turn on the power, activate their electrical stethoscopes and listen to the music. Funding This study was funded by National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Programme Grant (#1132524), Partnership Project (1153439) and Practitioner Fellowship (1156093).

关键词： EEG ERP   embodied cognition   mental rotation   rotation-related negativity   visual processes   SEX-DIFFERENCES   BRAIN   TRANSFORMATIONS   ACTIVATION   ORIENTATION   PERFORMANCE   STRATEGIES   HANDEDNESS   EXPERTISE   ASYMMETRY  

摘要： The present study examines if the neural signature of information processing in mental rotation tasks is moderated by stimulus characteristics (e.g., body-related vs. non-body-related stimuli). In the present experiment, stimulus sets of human figures (back view; left vs. right arm abduction) and alphanumeric characters ('R'; normal vs. mirrored view) were scrutinized with event-related potentials (ERPs) in the electroencephalography (EEG). Participants had to judge parity between an upright (0 degrees orientation) and a comparison stimulus (stimulus disparity; 0 degrees, 45 degrees, 90 degrees, 135 degrees or 180 degrees). There was a main effect of stimulus disparity for the behavioural (response time and error rates), as well as for the neural data (rotation-related negativity, RRN). The interaction of stimulus disparity and stimulus type was significant for the RRN, but not for the response time. Lower RRN amplitudes for letters indicate a more pronounced use of alternative processes (e.g., memory retrieval), which seems to be reflected in higher N350 amplitudes. Moreover, the increase of the RRN amplitude and the increase in response time as a function of disparity were positively correlated. Task differences were evident for several ERP components (i.e., N150, P150 and N250), being independent of disparity, which might reflect differences in early and late object cognition prior to the mental rotation process itself. This might be associated with the task-dependent activation of embodied cognition processes in mental rotation tasks.

关键词： Inositol   phytate   protein   egg   mortality   digestive tract   mucin   alkaline phosphatase  

摘要： 1. An experiment was designed to compare the effects of supplementing laying hen diets with phytase and myo-inositol (inositol). 2. Five diets were formulated: high balanced protein (HBP - 840 mg of Dlys/hen/day), HBP with inositol (HBP+I - 0.16%), reduced balance protein (RBP - 672 mg of Dlys/hen/day), RBP with inositol (RBP+I - 0.16%) and RBP with phytase (RBP+P - 3000 FTU/kg). 3. Laying hen production, inositol concentrations, digestive tract morphology, amino acid digestibility and intestinal inositol transporters transcript abundance were evaluated. Data were analysed with a one-way ANOVA in SAS 9.4. Contrasts were used to assess the effect of protein, inositol, phytase and phytase vs. inositol. Differences were accepted when P <= 0.05. 4. No effect on hen-day egg production or feed efficiency was found. However, feed intake and the incidence of abnormally shaped eggs were 0.77 g/h/d and 0.17% higher, respectively, in inositol treatments. Inositol decreased egg specific gravity from 1.088 to 1.0865. 5. Inositol concentration in egg yolk was similar among HBP+I, RBP+I and RBP+P, and higher than for the HBP and RBP diet groups. Both gizzard and ileal digesta were enriched in inositol in all supplemented treatments, and phytase supplementation decreased the level of IP5 and IP6 in the gizzard and ileum. Generally, neither phytase or inositol affected amino acid digestibility. 6. Inositol increased transcript abundance of alkaline phosphatase in the ileum, while phytase upregulated duodenal alkaline phosphatase and SMIT1, jejunal SMIT2 and reduced ileal HMIT and SMIT1 abundance. 7. In conclusion, no effect of phytase or inositol was found for laying hen production performance or amino acid digestibility, but egg quality was reduced by inositol supplementation. Inositol concentration in egg yolk was similar among supplemented treatments.

关键词： sleep   electrophysiology   Parkinson's disease   deep brain stimulation   DEEP-BRAIN-STIMULATION   EYE-MOVEMENT SLEEP   SLOW-WAVE SLEEP   TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION   CLOSED-LOOP STIMULATION   QUALITY-OF-LIFE   NON-REM SLEEP   BEHAVIOR DISORDER   SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS   DAYTIME SLEEPINESS  

摘要： Sleep disturbances are among the most common nonmotor complications of Parkinson's disease (PD), can present in prodromal stages, and progress with advancing disease. In addition to being a symptom of neurodegeneration, sleep disturbances may also contribute to disease progression. Currently, limited options exist to modulate sleep disturbances in PD. Studying the neurophysiological changes that affect sleep in PD at the cortical and subcortical level may yield new insights into mechanisms for reversal of sleep disruption. In this article, we review cortical and subcortical recording studies of sleep in PD with a particular focus on dissecting reported electrophysiological changes. These studies show that slow-wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep are both notably disrupted in PD. We further explore the impact of these electrophysiological changes and discuss the potential for targeting sleep via stimulation therapy to modify PD-related motor and nonmotor symptoms. (c) 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society

关键词： bile acid   digestive enzyme   growth   histology   snubnose pompano   soybean extract   FINGERLING RAINBOW-TROUT   SOY PROTEIN-CONCENTRATE   YELLOWTAIL SERIOLA-QUINQUERADIATA   BILIARY BILE STATUS   ATLANTIC SALMON   NUTRITIONAL QUALITY   DISTAL INTESTINE   ANTINUTRITIONAL FACTORS   SEMIPURIFIED DIET   TOTAL REPLACEMENT  

摘要： This study aimed to examine the effects of ethanol-soluble components (Es) in soybean meal (SBM) on gut content transit, bile acid (BA) and pancreatic digestive enzyme secretions, nutrient apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC), liver and intestinal morphologies, and growth performance of pompano (Trachinotus blochii). The SBM was extracted with aqueous ethanol, then the supernatant and residue were separated and dried to produce ethanol-extracted SBM (ESBM) and the Es. Four experimental diets were formulated with fish meal (FM), ESBM and SBM as main dietary protein sources. The diets were denoted as follows: FMD (FM diet), SBMD (SBM diet), ESBMD (ESBM diet) and ESBM + EsD (ESBM plus Es diet). Thirty-five fingerling pompano with an initial body weight (BW) of 18.3 g were allocated to each of 12 polyvinyl chloride tanks (1000-L holding capacity), resulting in triplicate tanks per dietary treatment. For 10 weeks, the fish were hand-fed the experimental diets to apparent satiation twice daily. The results showed that the final BW, weight gain and specific growth rate were significantly lower, while the feed conversion ratio was higher in the SBMD and ESBM + EsD groups than in the ESBMD and FMD groups (p < 0.05). Fish fed SBMD and ESBM + EsD showed accelerated gastric transit, slowed intestinal mobility, and lowered secretions of BAs and pancreatic digestive enzymes as compared to those fed ESBMD and FMD. Morphological abnormalities in mucosal folds of the posterior intestine, but not the liver, were clearly observed in the SBMD and ESBM + EsD groups. These results indicated that the Es in SBM inhibited the digestive system, leading to decreased nutrient digestibility and growth performance in pompano. The findings of the present study suggested that removal of the Es would effectively improve the nutritional quality of SBM and enhance growth performance of pompano fed a SBM-based diet.

关键词： Light cycle   Haliotis discus hannai   Feeding rhythm   Digestive enzyme activity   Gene expression   JUVENILE SEA-CUCUMBER   DAILY ACTIVITY RHYTHM   LOCOMOTOR-ACTIVITY   NEUROPEPTIDE-Y   TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS   GENE-EXPRESSION   ENERGY BUDGET   BEHAVIOR   ABALONE   RECEPTOR  

摘要： The abalone Haliotis discus hannai is a typical nocturnal animal. It generally feeds and moves at night but evades light by hiding in the shade during the day. However, the effects of different light cycles on the feeding physiology and potential molecular mechanisms responsible for such effects in H. discus hannai have not yet been reported. We examined the feeding patterns of abalones under different light (L)/dark (D) cycles (0 L:24D, 12 L:12D, 24 L:0D) using an infrared camera and analyzed the relationships between circadian digestive enzyme activities, gene expression levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and its receptor (NPYR), which can promote appetite, and feeding rhythms. Feeding in abalones, including searching for food and, food capture and intake, was examined by observation of videos. The percentage of abalones feeding under different light/dark cycles had two peaks, at 20:00?22:00 and 02:00?04:00. The ingestion rate was significantly higher in abalones maintained under 12 L:12D compared with 24 L:0D conditions. The percentage of feeding individuals and food intake were significantly lower in the ?daytime? compared with at ?night? irrespective of the light/dark cycle, suggesting the existence of an independent internal timing mechanism and the possible involvement of circadian clock genes in the regulation of periodic feeding activity in abalones. In abalones maintained under 12 L:12D and 24 L:0D cycles, protease, cellulase, and ?-amylase activities started to increase from 18:00, 2 h before the first peak of food intake. Expression levels of NPY peaked at 20:00 and expression levels of NPYR increased again at 04:00, suggesting that NPY and NPYR might be induced before and after the two peak periods of food intake in abalones, respectively. These findings demonstrate the feeding rhythm and ingestion rate of abalones under different light/dark cycles, as well as the relationships among digestive enzyme activities, gene expression levels of NPY and NPYR, and f

关键词： Acetylation   Tubulin   Microtubule   Neurodegeneration   Glia   ALPHA-TUBULIN   BETA-TUBULIN   MOUSE MODEL   HDAC6   TRANSPORT   BRAIN   AXON   INHIBITORS   SYNUCLEIN   DISEASE  

摘要： Neurons are the perfect example of cells where microtubules are essential to achieve an extraordinary degree of morphological and functional complexity. Different tubulin isoforms and associated post-translational modifications are the basis to establish the diversity in biochemical and biophysical properties of microtubules including their stability and the control of intracellular transport. Acetylation is one of the key tubulin modifications and it can influence important structural, mechanical and biological traits of the microtubule network. Here, we present the emerging evidence for the essential role of microtubule acetylation in the control of neuronal and glial function in healthy and degenerative conditions. In particular, we discuss the pathogenic role of tubulin acetylation in neurodegenerative disorders and focus on Parkinson's disease. We also provide a critical analysis about the possibility to target tubulin acetylation as a novel therapeutic intervention for neuroprotective strategies.

关键词： 植物生理学实验   多元化   实验教学  

摘要： 当前高校植物生理学实验普遍存在教学模式陈旧,缺乏探索性实验项目等的问题,导致难以达到应有的教学效果.我们在分析淮北师范大学生物科学专业植物生理学实验教学现状和存在问题的基础上,主要从4个方面对该课程进行了多元化互动教学模式的探索与实践,即加强学生自主学习能力、学生和老师角色互换、结合新的教学工具,合理安排学时.使实验教学更为贴合学生自身发展的需要,学生对实验更感兴趣、更容易接受.从而加强了学生的实验操作和创新思维的能力,提高了学生发现和剖析科学问题的能力.