关键词： blepharospasm   dystonia   spasmodic dysphonia   torticollis   transcranial magnetic stimulation   TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION   MOTOR CORTEX EXCITABILITY   LATENCY AFFERENT INHIBITION   THETA-BURST STIMULATION   SURROUND INHIBITION   INTRACORTICAL INHIBITION   CERVICAL DYSTONIA   SILENT PERIOD   WRITERS CRAMP   CORTICOSPINAL EXCITABILITY  

摘要： Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method to assess neurophysiology of the primary motor cortex in humans. Dystonia is a poorly understood neurological movement disorder, often presenting in an idiopathic, isolated form across different parts of the body. The neurophysiological profile of isolated dystonia compared to healthy adults remains unclear. We conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis of neurophysiologic TMS measures in people with isolated dystonia to provide a synthesized understanding of cortical neurophysiology associated with isolated dystonia. We performed a systematic database search and data were extracted independently by the two authors. Separate meta-analyses were performed for TMS measures of: motor threshold, corticomotor excitability, short interval intracortical inhibition, cortical silent period, intracortical facilitation and afferent-induced inhibition. Standardized mean differences were calculated using a random effects model to determine overall effect sizes and confidence intervals. Heterogeneity was explored using dystonia type subgroup analysis. The search resulted in 78 studies meeting inclusion criteria, of these 57 studies reported data in participants with focal hand dystonia, cervical dystonia, blepharospasm or spasmodic dysphonia, and were included in at least one meta-analysis. The cortical silent period, short-interval intracortical inhibition and afferent-induced inhibition was found to be reduced in isolated dystonia compared to controls. Reduced GABAergic-mediated inhibition in the primary motor cortex in idiopathic isolated dystonia's suggest interventions targeted to aberrant cortical disinhibition could provide a novel treatment. Future meta-analyses require neurophysiology studies to use homogeneous cohorts of isolated dystonia participants, publish raw data values, and record electromyographic responses from dystonic musculature where possible.

关键词： mental health   exercise   implementation   exercise physiology   severe mental illness   ILLNESS   INTERVENTIONS   PEOPLE  

摘要： Objective: Despite support for the role of exercise in improving physical and mental health for various psychiatric disorders, few service implementation evaluations within diverse hospital environments exist. This study presents the feasibility and implementation of a clinical exercise physiology service within a hospital mental health service. Method: Feasibility and service data were collected from databases and self-report (consumer and staff) for 6 months from the commencement of new exercise services (gym and group sessions) for community and inpatients (one secure and three open wards). Results: One hundred and twenty consumers engaged with exercise services with 70 direct referrals over the 6-month audit period (mean age 40 +/- 13 years (19-69); 41% male). The overwhelming reason for referral was related to weight loss/management (65.7%), with the majority of patients (51%) presenting with schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders. Further, 549 exercise service interactions were delivered and 78% gym attendees and 69% group session attendees rated the exercise sessions as 'Good' or 'Great', and intention to return ranged from 78% for inpatient gym sessions to 91% for community gym sessions. Conclusions: Embedding exercise physiology into a mental health service is feasible and well accepted and the evaluation of long-term consumer outcomes in 'real-world' will serve as a crucial step.

关键词： COVID-19   cranial polyneuritis   immunoglobulin   interleukins   polyradiculonevritis   ZIKA VIRUS-INFECTION   MILLER-FISHER  

摘要： We report a case series of five patients affected by SARS-CoV-2 who developed neurological symptoms, mainly expressing as polyradiculoneuritis and cranial polyneuritis in the 2 months of COVID-19 pandemic in a city in the northeast of Italy. A diagnosis of Guillain-Barre syndrome was made on the basis of clinical presentation, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and electroneurography. In four of them, the therapeutic approach included the administration of intravenous immunoglobulin (0.4 g/kg for 5 days), which resulted in the improvement of neurological symptoms. Clinical neurophysiology revealed the presence of conduction block, absence of F waves, and in two cases a significant decrease in amplitude of compound motor action potential compound muscle action potential (cMAP). Four patients presented a mild facial nerve involvement limited to the muscles of the lower face, with sparing of the forehead muscles associated to ageusia. In one patient, taste assessment showed right-sided ageusia of the tongue, ipsilateral to the mild facial palsy. In three patients we observed albuminocytological dissociation in the cerebrospinal fluid, and notably, we found an increase of inflammatory mediators such as the interleukin-8. Peripheral nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 is possible and may include several signs that may be successfully treated with immunoglobulin therapy.

关键词： Autonomic nervous system diseases   Denervation   Autonomic   Diabetic autonomic neuropathy   Valsalva Maneuver   Tilt table test   Hypotension   Orthostatic   SYMPATHETIC SKIN-RESPONSE   POSTURAL TACHYCARDIA SYNDROME   SMALL-FIBER NEUROPATHY   VAGAL BAROREFLEX SENSITIVITY   GUILLAIN-BARRE-SYNDROME   HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY   SPINAL-CORD-INJURY   AXON REFLEX TEST   VALSALVA MANEUVER   BLOOD-PRESSURE  

摘要： Evaluation of disorders of the autonomic nervous system is both an art and a science, calling upon the physician's most astute clinical skills as well as knowledge of autonomic neurology and physiology. Over the last three decades, the development of noninvasive clinical tests that assess the function of autonomic nerves, the validation and standardization of these tests, and the growth of a large body of literature characterizing test results in patients with autonomic disorders have equipped clinical practice further with a valuable set of objective tools to assist diagnosis and prognosis. This review, based on current evidence, outlines an international expert consensus set of recommendations to guide clinical electrodiagnostic autonomic testing. Grading and localization of autonomic deficits incorporates scores from sympathetic cardiovascular adrenergic, parasympathetic cardiovagal, and sudomotor testing, as no single test alone is sufficient to diagnose the degree or distribution of autonomic failure. The composite autonomic severity score (CASS) is a useful score of autonomic failure that is normalized for age and gender. Valid indications for autonomic testing include generalized autonomic failure, regional or selective system syndromes of autonomic impairment, peripheral autonomic neuropathy and ganglionopathy, small fiber neuropathy, orthostatic hypotension, orthostatic intolerance, syncope, neurodegenerative disorders, autonomic hyperactivity, and anhidrosis. (c) 2020 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier B.V.

关键词： FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE   SHAPE   NEURONS   V4   CORTEX   CODE  

摘要： A new study of the macaque visual cortex has revealed that visual area V4 performs substantial analysis of solid shape structure. The findings draw new attention to the embedding of local three-dimensional shape analysis into the early cortical stages of visual processing.

关键词： 青少年   体能训练   研究  

摘要： 随着国民素质不断提升,体能的重要性也在不断加强。因此为提高我国青少年身体素质,本文从生理学、心理学、营养学的角度出发,对青少年体能训练展开研究,以期可以为我国未来发展奠定良好基础。

关键词： OBE导向   作物生理学   项目式教学   创新  

摘要： 以培养学生具有创新意识,能够利用所学专业知识分析解决植物生产各种问题为目标,基于成果导向教育理念,对《作物生理学》的课程内容和授课方法进行了项目式教学方法研究。

关键词： Anorectal electrophysiology   High-resolution   Electromyography   EXTERNAL ANAL-SPHINCTER   MULTICHANNEL SURFACE EMG   PUDENDAL NERVES   NEUROSTIMULATION   RELIABILITY   NEUROPATHY   CONDUCTION   DISORDERS   DIAGNOSIS   LATENCY  

摘要： Fecal incontinence (FI) substantially impairs quality of life and imparts a major socioeconomic burden. Anal sphincter injury and possibly pudendal nerve damage are considered common causes, however, current clinical methods for evaluating their function remain suboptimal. Electromyography (EMG) and pudendal nerve terminal latencies have been applied with some success, but are not considered standard practice due to uncertain accuracy and clinical value. In this study we developed and applied a novel anorectal high-density (HD) EMG probe in humans and pigs to acquire quantitative electrophysiological metrics of the anorectum. In the human trial we assessed somatic pathways and showed that EMG amplitude was greater for tight voluntary squeezes than light voluntary squeezes (0.03 +/- 0.02 mV vs. 0.05 +/- 0.03 mV). In a porcine model we applied trans-sacral magnetic stimulation to evoke extrinsically activated involuntary pathways and the resulting motor evoked potentials (MEP) were captured using the HD-EMG probe. The mean MEP amplitude at 50% magnetic stimulation intensity output (MSO) was significantly lower that the MEP amplitude at 85, 95 and 100% MSO (1.52 +/- 0.50 mV vs. 3.10 +/- 0.60 mV). In conclusion, the use of HD-EMG probe in conjunction with trans-sacral magnetic stimulation, for spatiotemporal mapping of anorectal EMG and MEP activity is anticipated to achieve new insights into FI and could offer improved diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for anorectal dysfunction.