关键词： 帕金森病   突触核蛋白   多巴胺   酪氨酸羟化酶   病理生理学   基因表达   神经生理学  

摘要： 为了观察人野生型α-synuclein基因过表达对大鼠脑内黑质酪氨酸羟化酶(Tyrosinehydroxylase,TH)阳性神经元细胞以及纹状体多巴胺(DA)及其代谢产物3,4-二羟苯乙酸(DOPAC)含量的影响，并探讨α-synuclein在帕金森(Parkinson\'sdisease,PD)发病中的作用，我们在大鼠脑左侧黑质注射腺相关病毒(AAV)载体携带的人野生型α-synuclein基因，注射4周后，用实时定量PCR法检测α-synucleinmRNA的表达；并在注射后4周、8周、12周、16周进行脑组织切片TH和α-synuclein免疫组织化学染色；高效液相色谱的方法检测纹状体内DA及DOPAC的含量。主要研究结果如下：\n 1、注射4周时，大鼠黑质注射侧α-synucleinmRNA的表达量是非注射侧的3倍；大鼠还出现自发性活动减少、爬行活动减慢、暂时性躯干震颤、竖毛等类似PD初期的症状和体征。\n 2、注射α-synuclein后，大鼠注射侧黑质TH阳性神经元和非注射侧相比，在8周、12周和16周时出现明显减少(P＜0.05)，分别减少9.4％、34％和60％，而在注射后4周时没有明显变化。\n 3、注射α-synuclein后，大鼠注射侧纹状体DA、DOPAC的含量和非注射侧相比，在12周和16周时出现明显的减少(P＜0.

关键词： 脑生理学   心理   外部世界   注意力   标题   短语  

摘要： 一、导言

关键词： MICTURITION   CHILDREN   ACTIVATION   AROUSAL  

摘要： Nocturnal enuresis is a genetically determined maturational disorder of the central nervous system. Lack of arousal and an inhibition deficit of the micturition reflex have been found as the main dysfunctions leading to wetting during sleep. Both are mediated by nuclei in the brainstem. Therefore, evoked potentials (brainstem auditory evoked potential [BAEP], visual evoked potential [VEP], event-related late acoustic-evoked potential [P300]), and the prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex were assessed to further evaluate the brainstem deficit compared with cortical function. Thirty-seven children with nocturnal enuresis, aged 8 years to 14 years 8 months (mean age 10y 7mo [SD 1y 10mo]; 27 males, 10 females) were compared with 40 controls (mean age 10y 7mo [SD 1y 6mo]; 17 males, 23 females). Left interpeak latencies I-III and I-V of the BAEP were increased in children with nocturnal enuresis. VEP measures did not differ between patients and controls. However, children with a positive family history of enuresis showed a shorter latency towards N75 and P100 than children without such a family history. P300 and PPI measures did not differ. We conclude that this strongly supports the postulation of a maturational deficit of the brainstem in nocturnal enuretic children. The increased interpeak latencies I-M and I-V of the BAEP support the hypothesis of an arousal deficit mediated by delayed maturation of brainstem function. Differences in VEP latencies might point towards functional cortical differences in children with a family history of nocturnal enuresis.

关键词： MAGNETIC-RESONANCE-SPECTROSCOPY   WHITE-MATTER HYPERINTENSITIES   TEMPORAL-LOBE STRUCTURES   MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION   MRI ABNORMALITIES   MOOD DISORDERS   ANATOMICAL MRI   FRONTAL-LOBE   CHILDREN   BRAIN  

摘要： Introduction: Children and adolescents with bipolar disorder often present with higher rates of mixed episodes, rapid cycling, and co-occurring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder than adults with bipolar disorder. It is unclear whether the differences in clinical presentation between youth and adults with bipolar disorder are due to differences in underlying etiologies or developmental differences in symptom manifestation. Neuroimaging studies of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder may clarify whether neurobiological abnormalities associated with early- and adult-onset bipolar disorder are distinct. Moreover, children and adolescents with bipolar disorder are typically closer to their illness onset than bipolar adults, providing a window of opportunity for identifying core neurobiological characteristics of the illness (ie, disease biomarkers) that are independent of repeated affective episodes and other confounding factors associated with illness course. Methods: Peer-reviewed publications of neuroimaging studies of bipolar children and adolescents were reviewed. Results: Structural, neurochemical, and neuro-functional abnormalities in prefrontal and medical temporal and subcortical limbic structures, including the striatum, amygdala, and possibly hippocampus, are present in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. Conclusion: Differences between neurobiological abnormalities in bipolar youth and adults as well as recommendations for future research directions are discussed.

关键词： 神经生理学  

ISBN: (纸本)7810605879

摘要： 本书从分子、细胞水平到系统和行为水平系统地介绍了神经生物学的基本内容和最新进展，内容包括神经元的基本结构和活动过程、神经系统的发育和再生、感觉系统等。

关键词： 物理声学   心理学   生理学   听觉   调律   钢琴   教学活动   实践活动   音准   音高  

摘要： 钢琴调律,无论是教学活动还是工作实践,均与物理声学、听觉生理学及听觉心理学密切相关.简单地说,了解物理声学并科学地协调听觉生理及听觉心理才能够通过调律教学活动建立正确的音高及音准概念,通过调律实践活动获取正确的音高及音准.下面,我从几个方面对钢琴调律与物理声学、听觉生理学及听觉心理学的关系进行简单地分析.

关键词： 肌阵挛发作   小儿   周围神经系统   神经生理学   肌肉收缩   发作时间   发病机制   不自主   诊断  

摘要： 肌阵挛(myoclonus)是一种起源于中枢或周围神经系统的突然、快速、短暂、闪电样的不自主肌肉收缩或放松”,单次发作时间一般小于0.2s。除某些特定的类型外,肌阵挛的发生机制尚不完全清楚,对其诊断和治疗依然存在许多问题,其中,对小儿时期肌阵挛的诊断与认识更为肤浅。本文从神经生理学的角度,就近年对肌阵挛发病机制的研究,以及小儿时期常见肌阵挛发作作一简要综述。[第一段]

关键词： 《作物科学》   分子遗传学   生物技术   作物生理学   作物生态学   种子生理学   植物遗传学   影响因子  

摘要： 《作物科学》（Crop Science）是双月刊，1997年创刊，2004年影响因子为0．958，由美国作物学会（Crop Science Society of America，CSSA）出版。该刊主要刊登作物的遗传与育种；作物生理学和新陈代谢；作物生态学、作物生产和管理；种子生理学、种子生产和技术；草坪学；基因组学、分子遗传学和生物技术；植物遗传学资源以及虫害防治等方面具有独创性的研究论文。

关键词： osseoperception   osseointegration   oral implants   thresholds   tactile function   PERIODONTAL-LIGAMENT FORMATION   JAW-CLOSING MUSCLES   PSYCHOPHYSICAL THRESHOLD LEVEL   TITANIUM IMPLANTS   EVOKED-POTENTIALS   DENTAL IMPLANTS   MOTOR CORTEX   ELECTRICAL-STIMULATION   MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY   NERVE-FIBERS  

摘要： Amputation of a limb or a tooth leads to the loss of a large number of exteroceptors. These play an important role in sensory perception and feedback, which tune the motor control. Even after rehabilitation with a prosthetic device, tactile function remains impaired. This can present a subsequent risk of overloading the prosthesis. The peri-implant interface of oral osseointegrated implants is characterized by the absence of a periodontal ligament, a crucial difference towards the natural dentition, from a biomechanical but also from a neurophysiologic point of view. Patients rehabilitated with osseointegrated implants seem subjectively not much impaired in their masticatory and other oral functions. This observation might be linked to the presence of some peripheral feedback pathway to the sensory cortex. It may be attributed to the activation of receptors in the peri-implant environment (either bone or periosteum). This phenomenon called osseoperception, when it relates to the consciousness of the applied stimuli, has been described for both oral and skeletal implants. In the present review, besides osseoperecption other neurophysiological aspects of oral implants, such their reflex function, will be outlined and their clinical meaning pointed out.