关键词： Electrophysiology   Locomotion   Macaca mulatta   Neurophysiology   Telemetry   电生理学   行走   猕猴   神经生理学   遥测术   视知觉  

摘要： Recordings of neuronal activity in freely moving rats are common in experiments where electrical signals are transmitted using cables. Such techniques are not common in monkeys because their prehensile abilities are thought to preclude such techniques. However, analysis of brain mechanisms underlying spatial navigation and cognition require the subject to walk. We have developed techniques for recordings in freely moving monkeys in two different situations: a 5 x 5 m testing laboratory and in a 50 m2 open field environment. Neuronal signals are sent to amplifiers and data acquisition systems using cables or telemetry. These techniques provide high quality recordings of single neurons during behaviors such as foraging, walking, and the performance of memory tasks and thus provide a unique opportunity to study primate behavior in a semi-natural situation.

关键词： DOUBLE-BLIND   ENDOMETRIOSIS   LAPAROSCOPY   INNERVATION   PERCEPTION   THERAPY  

关键词： 神经元移行异常   癫痫   影像学技术   神经病理学   儿童发育迟滞   青少年癫痫   天门冬氨酸受体   神经生理学  

摘要： 背景及目的：随着影像学技术和神经病理学的发展，神经元移行异常(Neuronalmigrationdisorders，NMDs)逐渐成为神经科学者们的研究热点。研究显示，NMDs是儿童发育迟滞和儿童及青少年癫痫的潜在病因。因此，了解其致痫的机制非常必要。谷氨酸是中枢神经系统内主要的兴奋性神经递质，谷氨酸受体表达的上调会导致神经元过度去极化和放电。N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体(n-methyl-d-aspartatereceptor，NMDA)是离子型受体的亚型，它与癫痫的关系密切。本实验旨在于观察NMDs动物模型的病理变化以及利用免疫组织化学的方法检测NMDA的表达。 方法：3组Sprague-Dawley孕鼠分别在孕15天，孕17天以及孕19天接受225cGy的x射线约5分钟，其后代成年后即为NMDs动物模型。观察指标为：存活率，脑组织的病理变化以及皮层中NMDA的表达。 结果：(1)对照组的存活率高于照射组，而在接受射线的大鼠中，孕19天接受射线组的存活率最高，然后为孕17天组和孕15天组。 (2)在孕15天，孕17天，孕19天使孕鼠接受x射线而造成的NMDs动物模型是成功的。大脑皮层弥漫性的结构紊乱较为常见，在部分标本中可见灰质异位。按照异常严重程度的排列依次为：孕15天组，孕17天组，孕19天组。 (3)在NMDs大鼠皮层中出现N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体亚单元1(n-methyl-d-aspartatereceptorsubunit1，NR1)和N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体亚单元2A(n-methyl-d-aspartatereceptorsubunit2B，NR2A)表达上调，但N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体亚单元2B(n-methyl-d-aspartatereceptorsubunit2B，NR2B)表达的增加并不明显。NR1和NR2A表达的规律为：在一定程度上，胚胎期较早接受射线的大鼠，其皮层NR1和NR2A的表达越高。 结论：在NMDs的大鼠脑皮层中，NR1和NR2A表达增加，且其表达增加的程度能反映NMDs的严重程度。NMDA的上调可能是NMDs患者致痫的主要病因。

关键词： 神经生理学 医学院校 教材  

ISBN: (纸本)7509101573

摘要： 本书主要讲述了脑细胞、电生理学基础、突触的功能、神经编码和神经整合、受体、神经递质等内容。

关键词： Cranial Nerve Diseases   Facial Pain   Neurophysiology   颅神经疾病   面部疼痛   神经生理学   Facial Pain   Neurophysiology   Normal Range   Reflex   Cranial Nerve Diseases  

摘要： This review deals with the diagnostic usefulness of neurophysiological testing in patients with craniofacial *** testing of trigeminal nerve function relies on trigeminal reflexes and laser-evoked potentials (LEPs). This review briefly describes the physiology of trigeminal reflexes and LEPs, reports normal values and highlights the neurophysiological abnormalities in the main clinical conditions.

关键词： electrophysiology   music   music therapy   neuroimaging neurology   psychiatry   INVESTIGATING EMOTION   BRAIN   THERAPY   RESPONSES   CORRELATE   LANGUAGE   BEHAVIOR   REWARD  

摘要： Music, a universal art form that exists in every culture around the world, is integral to a number of social and courtship activities, and is closely associated with other creative behaviours such as dancing. Recently, neuroimaging studies have allowed researchers to investigate the neural correlates of music processing and perception in the brain. Notably, musical stimuli have been shown to activate specific pathways in several brain areas associated with emotional behaviours, such as the insular and cingulate cortex, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex. In addition, neurochemical studies have suggested that several biochemical mediators, such as endorphins, endocannabinoids, dopamine and nitric oxide, may play a role in the musical experience. A growing body of evidence also indicates that music therapy could be useful in the clinical management of numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders. Indeed, music therapy could be effective in patients with neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's dementia and Parkinson's disease, as well as in psychiatric illnesses, such as schizophrenia, depression, anxiety and autism spectrum disorders. Unfortunately, there is still a shortage of rigorous scientific data supporting the clinical application of music therapy, and there is thus a need to confirm and expand the preliminary findings regarding the potential and actual effectiveness of music therapy. This need should be addressed through prospective, randomized, controlled, single-blinded investigations of the short- and long-term effects of music therapy in diverse clinical conditions.

关键词： Orientation   Psychophysiology   Reflex   定向力   心理生理学   反射   Reflex   Reality   theories   Psychophysiology   Orienting Reflex   Role Theory   Case studies   Research training  

摘要： We commonly teach beginning science students that theory generates hypotheses which direct our research, framing our experimental observations; and that in turn, these supply the data which support or contradict theory, allowing its self-correction and further development. These propositions are explored here in the context of psychophysiology, concentrating on examples in relation to the Orienting Reflex (OR). It is demonstrated that the realist approach generally portrayed in our teaching about theory and theory testing is not the dominant ethos in this field. Indeed, we pay little more than lip-service to the ideal we teach about. One outcome described here is that the promise offered us by the OR in the 1960s has not been realised. It is argued that this failure may be symptomatic of much of science, suggesting that we need to consciously work to raise the perceived value of theory. The ideation element of theoretical activity can be fostered, and it is argued that we need to do so explicitly at a number of levels in the education of our students, beginning in the early coursework stages and continuing in their research training and development.

关键词： Peripheral neuropathy   Age   NOS   Neurophysiology - biologic function   Electromyogram of eye  

摘要： Background Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is common and increases with age. Aim To assess how patients with confirmed peripheral neuropathy on nerve conduction studies (NCS) were investigated and to determine whether there was any difference in investigation based on patient age or referral source. Design Retrospective audit. Methods All EMG/NCS reports from a one-year period were analysed. The computer laboratory system was used to determine which blood tests had been performed on those patients with confirmed peripheral neuropathy on NCS. Results Over 50% of patients referred from within the hospital did not have a basic blood screen to search for the aetiology. There was no significant difference in investigation practise based on patient age or referral source. Conclusion Our results highlight the lack of systematic investigation in a university teaching hospital. As a result of this audit, a protocol has been prepared and is distributed with NCS/EMG reports.

关键词： 电生理学   脑/外科学   脑电描记术   神经生理学   诱发电位   躯体感觉   诱发电位   视觉   诱发电位   听觉   脑干   综述  

摘要： 神经电生理主要检测手段包括脑电图、脑干听觉诱发电位、视觉诱发电位、皮层体感诱发电位和肌电图、脑磁图等。颅脑手术中较常运用监测手段为脑干听觉诱发电位、视觉诱发电位、脑电图、肌电图。[第一段]

关键词： Philosophy   Psychophysiology   心理生理学   cerebral function   Nervous System   Consciousness   Brain Injuries   reticular activating system   Psychophysiology   Role Theory   Feature extraction   Philosophy   theories   Science   System analyses   Clock weights   Beliefs  

摘要： The role of theory in science is discussed in the context of understanding brain function. Historically, theories of brain functions have oscillated between localization and anti-localization beliefs. In the last 50 years, the important discoveries of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), feature extracting neurons and synaptic growth led many to orthodoxy. Research became more and more focused upon the elements comprising the nervous system and their interconnections. The mainstream belief became that many brain functions including consciousness were localized, certain kinds of brain injuries produced irreversible functional deficits. Contrary scientific challenges were discouraged by the omnipresence of such theory. Examples of theoretical "Einstellungen" in the areas of ARAS, coma, treatment of brain injuries and consciousness are given, as well as signs that the pendulum is swinging back to an approach to the system as a whole rather than a focus on its parts.