关键词： Capsaicin   Histamine   Itch   Neuropathic   Neuropeptides   Pruritus  

摘要： The specific pathway of "pure," histaminergic itch is traced from the mechano-insensitive nerve fibers in the skin to their central cortical projections. Neuropathic itch created at different levels of this anatomical pathway is reviewed. In this review the present author discusses damage to pruritoceptors in the skin, entrapment syndromes, damage to spinal ganglia, nerve root impingement, injury of the spinal cord, and cerebral damage in the distribution of the middle cerebral artery, capsula interna, or thalamus. Itch in inflamed skin resulting from interactions between nerve transmitters and other mediators of inflammation is described. Copyright © Blackwell Publishing, Inc., 2005.

关键词： PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS   VENTRAL SURFACE   MUSCLE   CAT   SKIN   HINDLIMB   NERVES  

摘要： The aim of this study was to neurophysiologically demonstrate the activities of the premotor nuclei of sympathetic vasomotion, by capturing the diachronic changes in the action potentials which are generated in the pons and medulla oblongata. To do so, ten male Wistar rats weighing 300g were used as subjects. Microelectrodes were inserted in the muscular branch of the sciatic nerve and the ventral side of the pons and medulla oblongata, and the muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSA) was induced. The regular spontaneous action potentials, which synchronize with Muscle sympathetic nerve activity, were observed in the rostral ventrolateral medulla oblongata (RVLM), and the differences among the action potentials of individual cells of the RVLM region noted. Autonomic postganglionic nerves are controlled in turn by preganglionic nerves that originate from specific nuclei in the medulla. These nerves directly influence cardiovascular function by regulating the rate and force of contraction of the heart and the diameter of blood vessels. RVLM cells in fact exert a widespread control over the sympathetic outflow. We conclude from the experiment that premotor nuclei of sympathetic vasomotion exist in the RVLM.

关键词： 神经生理学 高等学校 教材  

ISBN: (纸本)7030143833

摘要： 本书上篇为基础神经科学，包括神经系统的发生、结构、功能与代谢特点等内容。下篇为临床神经科学，包括临床神经科学的常见症状、诊断方法及常见病、多发病的诊断、治疗等。

关键词： language   neural network   simulation   sensorimotor sequence   ABSTRACT STRUCTURE   LANGUAGE   COMPREHENSION   ORGANIZATION   SENSITIVITY   PLASTICITY   CIRCUITS   SYSTEM   SERIAL  

摘要： The current research describes a functional trajectory from sensorimotor sequence learning to the learning of grammatical constructions in language. A brief review of the functional neurophysiology of the cortex and basal ganglia will be provided as background for a neural network model of this system in sensorimotor sequence learning. Sequential behavior is then defined in terms of serial, temporal and abstract structure. The resulting neuro-computational framework is demonstrated to account for observed sequence learning behavior. More interestingly, this framework naturally extends to grammatical constructions as form-to-meaning mappings. Predictions from the neuro-computational model concerning parallels in language and cognitive sequence processing are tested against behavioral and neurophysiological observations in humans, resulting in a refinement of the allocation of model functions to subdivisions of Broca's area. From a functional perspective this analysis will provide insight into the relation between the coding structure in human languages, and constraints derived from the underlying neurophysiological computational mechanisms.

关键词： CORTICAL-NEURONS   NEURAL RESPONSES   VISUAL MASKING   TIME COURSE   INFORMATION   CORTEX   PERSISTENCE   STIMULI   MONKEYS   VISION  

摘要： Iconic memory, the short-lasting visual memory of a briefly flashed stimulus, is an important component of most models of visual perception. Here we investigate what physiological mechanisms underlie this capacity by showing rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) sequences with and without interstimulus gaps to human observers and macaque monkeys. For gaps of up to 93 ms between consecutive images, human observers and neurones in the temporal cortex of macaque monkeys were found to continue processing a stimulus as if it was still present on the screen. The continued firing of neurotics in temporal cortex may therefore underlie iconic memory. Based on these findings, a neurophysiological vision of iconic memory is presented.

关键词： 干细胞 研究  

ISBN: (纸本)7030158490

摘要： 本书介绍了神经干细胞基础理论知识、临床应用及试验操作技术, 是国内第一部神经干细胞研究方面的专著。内容系统、全面、反映了神经干细胞研究的最新进展。内容包括: 神经干细胞特性、来源和定位、发育及分化、信号转导、培养及建系; 神经干细胞移植的细胞来源、影响因素、移植途径、移植神经干细胞在体内的转归与整合; 神经干细胞在阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、癫痫、脑血管疾病、脊髓疾病、脑外伤治疗中的应用等。

关键词： 纹状体移植   神经功能恢复   神经内科   器官移植   神经生理学  

摘要： 目的:研究纹状体移植BMSCs对tMCAO大鼠神经功能恢复的影响。 方法:体外分离、纯化、扩增BMSCs并用FGF-2进行预诱导,移植前用BrdU标记。成年雄性Wistar大鼠行tMCAO后7天进行同侧纹状体移植。大鼠随机分为5组,对照组:1.假手术组n=7:预诱导的BMSCs植入接受假手术大鼠的正常纹状体;2.卒中对照组n=7:只行MCAO;3.假移植组n=7:接受等量生理盐水移植;实验组:4.移植FGF-2预诱导的BMSCsn=10;5.接受BMSCs移植n=10。分别于移植前及移植后7、14、21、28天进行行为学神经功能评分,于移植后28天处死大鼠进行电镜检测,病理学相关检查,并对神经生长因子BDNF进行测定。 结果:移植后28天,(1)实验组(4,5组)神经功能评分较假移植组均有显著性改善,且4组优于5组。(2)进行免疫组化染色,1、4、5组均可见BrdU阳性细胞,其中第4组最显著,但各组均没有发现BrdU+NSE和BrdU+GFAP双染细胞。(3)神经生长因子BDNF分泌测定,实验组较假移植组为高,且4组高于5组。(4)电镜检查结果显示,移植细胞大部分存活且与宿主细胞形成紧密连接,可以看到部分细胞具有向神经元方向分化的特征,以4组更明显。 结论:移植于纹状体内的BMSCs可以在缺血脑组织中存活,并促进卒中后大鼠的神经功能恢复。预诱导组较未诱导组细胞存活率提高、NSS评分改善、BDNF分泌增加。接受FGF-2预诱导的BMSCs移植的大鼠较单纯BMSCs移植的大鼠神经功能恢复更为显著。

关键词： Cortex   Neurophysiology in Freiburg i.Br..   Postwar German neuroscience   Retina   Richard Jung   Single-neuron recording history  

摘要： The history of the first ten years of neurophysiological science (1951-1960) at the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology in Freiburg ***. (Germany) is described by some of the participants. We describe the concepts of Richard Jung for the development of an experimental neurophysiology, the technical conditions which helped to realize these ideas, and the integration of the newly emerging German neurophysiological science into the international community, through the large number of foreign visitors. A short account is given of the young scientists working at the Freiburg laboratory during this period, their main lines of research, as well as the results of their studies.

关键词： neuroinformatics   analytical methods for electrophysiological data   theoretical models  

摘要： Despite the enormous growth in the number of facts and regularities observed in neuroscience, the current state of the field does not allow their integration in coherent theoretical frameworks. Neuroinformatics is a new research field devoted to development of neuroscience data bases together with computational models and analytical tools for sharing, integration and analysis of experimental data and the advancement of theories of nervous system function. From 1996 the OECD countries promote fostering neuroinformatics by eliminating the barriers that prevent cooperation and by providing incentives to potential participants. This activity was formulated in the Report on Neuroinformatics from The Global Science Forum Neuroinformatics Working Group of the OECD (2002) as well as in several printed publications by the Neuroinformatics group (Amari et al. 2002, Eckersley et al. 2003). This article summarizes the ideas presented in the Report and stresses the importance of analytical and modeling approach to functional neurophysiology.

关键词： 植物生理学实验   教学   创新能力  

摘要： 主要阐述了当前植物生理学实验教学中存在的问题,以及我们在植物生理学实验教学方面为培养学生的创新能力而进行的一些探索.