关键词： stimulator   HFAC   block   ex-vivo   multichannel   FREQUENCY ELECTRICAL-STIMULATION   CONDUCTION BLOCK   NERVE-CONDUCTION   ACTIVATION  

摘要： Objective. This paper describes the design, testing and use of a novel multichannel block-capable stimulator for acute neurophysiology experiments to study highly selective neural interfacing techniques. This paper demonstrates the stimulator's ability to excite and inhibit nerve activity in the rat sciatic nerve model concurrently using monophasic and biphasic nerve stimulation as well as high-frequency alternating current (HFAC).Approach. The proposed stimulator uses a Howland Current Pump circuit as the main analogue stimulator element. 4 current output channels with a common return path were implemented on printed circuit board using Commercial Off-The-Shelf components. Programmable operation is carried out by an ARM Cortex-M4 Microcontroller on the Freescale freedom development platform (K64F).Main results. This stimulator design achieves +/- 10 mA of output current with +/- 15 V of compliance and less than 6 mu A of resolution using a quad-channel 12-bit external DAC, for four independently driven channels. This allows the stimulator to carry out both excitatory and inhibitory (HFAC block) stimulation. DC Output impedance is above 1 M omega. Overall cost for materials i.e. PCB boards and electronic components is less than USD 450 or GBP 350 and device size is approximately 9 cm x 6 cm x 5 ***. Experimental neurophysiology often requires significant investment in bulky equipment for specific stimulation requirements, especially when using HFAC block. Different stimulators have limited means of communicating with each other, making protocols more complicated. This device provides an effective solution for multi-channel stimulation and block of nerves, enabling studies on selective neural interfacing in acute scenarios with an affordable, portable and space-saving design for the laboratory. The stimulator can be further upgraded with additional modules to extend functionality while maintaining straightforward programming and integration of functions w

关键词： HIV   Frequency-following response   Auditory processing   Electrophysiology   Auditory neurophysiology   ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY   COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT   NOISE PERCEPTION   HEARING-LOSS   SPEECH   BRAIN   DEFICITS  

摘要： Objective: To test the hypothesis that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) affects auditory-neurophysiological functions. Methods: A convenience sample of 68 HIV+ and 59 HIV- normal-hearing adults was selected from a study set in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The speech-evoked frequency-following response (FFR), an objective measure of auditory function, was collected. Outcome measures were FFRs to the fundamental frequency (F0) and to harmonics corresponding to the first formant (F1), two behaviorally relevant cues for understanding speech. Results: The HIV+ group had weaker responses to the F1 than the HIV- group; this effect generalized across multiple stimuli (d = 0.59). Responses to the F0 were similar between groups. Conclusions: Auditory-neurophysiological responses differ between HIV+ and HIV- adults despite normal hearing thresholds. Significance: The FFR may reflect HIV-associated central nervous system dysfunction that manifests as disrupted auditory processing of speech harmonics corresponding to the first formant. (C) 2020 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： OUTCOME MEASURES   NEUROTOXICITY   PATHOGENESIS   OXALIPLATIN   PREVENTION  

关键词： 微扫视   神经基础   生理效应   弱视  

摘要： 近二十年来随着科学技术的进步,人们在微扫视的神经基础、生理效应以及与认知的相互关系等方面有了重要发现。微扫视研究已成为视觉神经科学发展最快的研究领域之一,微扫视不仅是认识视觉本质的一种工具,而且对于弱视的基础和临床研究具有重要意义。该文就微扫视的神经生理学研究现状作一综述。

关键词： Networks, coherence   Graph theory   Neurodegeneration   Dementia   Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis   Stroke   Parkinson disease   Dystonia   Essential tremor   Apraxia   Epilepsy   Phantom limb   Psychiatric disorders   EEG   MRI   STATE FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY   GRAPH-THEORETICAL ANALYSIS   IPSILATERAL MOTOR CORTEX   TEMPORAL-LOBE EPILEPSY   TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION   AMYOTROPHIC-LATERAL-SCLEROSIS   MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT   DEFAULT-MODE NETWORK   SINGLE-UNIT ANALYSIS   PARKINSONS-DISEASE  

摘要： This manuscript is the second part of a two-part description of the current status of understanding of the network function of the brain in health and disease. We start with the concept that brain function can be understood only by understanding its networks, how and why information flows in the brain. The first manuscript dealt with methods for network analysis, and the current manuscript focuses on the use of these methods to understand a wide variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Disorders considered are neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke, movement disorders, including essential tremor, Parkinson disease, dystonia and apraxia, epilepsy, psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, and phantom limb pain. This state-of-the-art review makes clear the value of networks and brain models for understanding symptoms and signs of disease and can serve as a foundation for further work. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology.

关键词： Hygiene   EEG   EMG   Neurophysiological test   COVID-19   Coronavirus  

摘要： On 31st December 2019, China notified the World Health Organization of an outbreak of atypical pneumonia from patients at a local seafood market in Wuhan, Hubei, China, responsible for a new coronavirus called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that caused COVID-19 disease, which spread rapidly around the world. WHO declared a state of pandemic (11th March, 2020), which has caused more than 1 million infected and more than 110,000 deaths; it was observed that up to 29% of those infected were health care personnel. The main route of transmission of SARS-CoV2 is through respiratory secretions and direct contact with contaminated surfaces and material. The pandemic induced an international saturation of health care services and a rupture in the supply chain of protective equipment for healthcare personnel, which poses a high occupational risk to all. Based on the different healthcare systems, human resources, infrastructure and medical emergencies that will warrant the conduct of clinical neurophysiology studies and the lack of a guide for the management of the situation, it was decided by an expert task force of the Latin American Chapter of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology to carry out these guidelines for the protection of patient and healthcare professionals conducting clinical neurophysiological studies. (C) 2020 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： PBL   TBL   病理生理学   教育心理学  

摘要： 病理生理学教研室在传统教学的基础上,尝试PBL、TBL等教学方式,努力在有限的学时内提高学生的学习兴趣和学习效果。在实施过程中发现,PBL、TBL学习方式的教育心理基础、教育目标、教学形式各有特点,这些差异将直接影响病理生理学教师对PBL、TBL教学模式和适用的学生选择。

关键词： 自然语言处理   人工智能   计算机科学   机器学习   人类智能   图像处理   专家系统   神经生理学  

摘要： 当今世界正在经历一场大范围、深层次的科技革命和产业变革,人工智能(Artificial Intelligence,AI)是重要驱动力之一。人工智能是研究、开发用于模拟、延伸和扩展人类智能的理论、方法、技术及应用系统的新兴学科,涉及计算机科学、数学、认知科学、神经生理学、语言学、心理学、控制论、信息论等多个领域,具体包括专家系统、机器学习、自然语言处理、自动规划、图像处理等多种技术。人工智能自1956年确立为独立的研究领域以来,先后经历过3次发展浪潮,实现了从理论到场景的应用并逐渐上升为多国的国家战略。

关键词： 科学研究成果   教育生物学   神经生理学   脑神经科学   生长发育阶段   神经心理学   大脑活动   神经生物学  

摘要： 教育生物学(bio-education),是从生物学、神经生理学、神经心理学、脑神经科学的角度研究人类教育现象及其一般规律的学科。生物科学与教育科学相融合形成的一门交叉学科。其研究对象是人,着重研究处于接受教育和生长发育阶段的儿童和青少年个体及群体。借助生物医学手段,如神经心理测试、神经生物学的动物实验、神经生理学的检查,以及神经影像学的研究,包括脑计算机断层扫描术(CT)、脑电图(EEG),脑磁共振(MRI)、功能性磁共振(fMRI)、正电子扫描(PET)等,研究人体和人脑的本体结构及其发生发展以及人体和人脑的功能,包括学习、记忆、注意、认知、情感、创造、社会性等大脑活动的奥秘,并将科学研究成果广泛地应用于人类的教育实践。这些方法和技术在教育教学中的应用效果可以通过以生物医学客观指标变化为依据的检验,从而摒除既往评价标准的主观性。