关键词： 小脑   内脏活动调节   研究进展   神经解剖学   神经生理学   行为学  

摘要： 近年来神经解剖学、神经生理学以及行为学的研究正逐步揭示小脑这一传统意义上的皮层下运动调节中枢在非躯体性活动 (主要是内脏活动 )的调节中也发挥重要的作用。本文对小脑参与胃肠活动、心血管活动和呼吸活动调节的研究进展做简要综述。

关键词： 神经生理学 实习 医学院校 教学参考资料  

ISBN: (纸本)7810860070

摘要： 本书由25个实习操作指导组成。介绍了神经解剖学的基本实习操作和基本的研究方法，神经解剖学的主要学习内容以及神经生理学、神经药理学、分子神经生物学常用的实验方法。

关键词： transcranial magnetic stimulation   psychiatry   trait-marker   state-marker   cortical excitability   neurophysiology  

摘要： Rationale.. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive tool that directly stimulates cortical neurons by inducing magnetic and secondary electric fields. Traditionally TMS has been used to study the motor neurophysiology of healthy subjects and those with neurological disorders. Objective.. Given the known motor dysfunctions in many psychiatric disorders supplemental usage of TMS to study the underlying pathophysiology of certain psychiatric disorders and to assess treatment outcomes is underway. Such studies include examination of motor neuronal membrane, corticospinal and intracortical excitability. Our objective is to overview the past findings. Methods.. We review the past literature that used TMS as an assessment tool in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, mood disorders, Tourette's syndrome, obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and substance abuse. Results.. While the findings are still preliminary due to small sample-size, inconsistent patient population (diagnosis, medication), differences in methodology between research groups, studies restricted to the motor region and possible lack of sensitivity and specificity, the studies are yielding interesting results which could potentially lead to trait- and state-markers of psychiatric disorders. Conclusions.. Future studies using TMS alone or in combination with other neuroimaging techniques promise to further expand the application of TMS from studies of motor excitability to higher cognitive functions.

关键词： H-reflex   human   motor control   neural circuitry   presynaptic inhibition  

摘要： The Hoffmann reflex (H-reflex) is extensively used as both a research and clinical tool. The ease with which this reflex can be elicited in several muscles throughout the body makes it an attractive tool. This review discusses some of the important limitations in using the H-reflex. In particular, the inaccurate but widely held assumptions that the H-reflex (1) represents the monosynaptic reflex of the la afferent onto homonymous motoneurons, and (2) can be used to measure motoneuronal excitability are addressed. The second part of this review explores the utility of the H-reflex as a neural probe in neurophysiology and motor control research. Applications ranging from the investigation of the functional organization of neural circuitry to the study of adaptive plasticity in spinal structures in health and disease suggest that the H-reflex will continue to be an extensively used tool in motor control neurophysiology.

关键词： Status Epilepticus   Temporal Lobe Epilepsy   Clinical Neurophysiology   Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy   Convulsive Status Epilepticus  

摘要： Electroencephalography (EEG) continues to be the most important diagnostic tool in the management of patients with epilepsy. In particular, the high specificity of interictal epileptiform discharges makes scalp EEG a valuable tool in the evaluation of patients with a history of seizures or seizure-like episodes. Advances in technology, most notably the development of digital video-EEG, have significantly expanded the utility of EEG. In addition to the routine EEG, long-term monitoring studies including video-EEG, ambulatory EEG, and continuous EEG monitoring play important roles in various aspects of the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy. Recent developments in computerized seizure detection and prediction algorithms, particularly those utilizing intracranial EEG electrodes, hold promise for future development of novel treatment strategies. Copyright © 2003 by Current Science Inc.

关键词： infant   panic disorder   temperament   neurophysiology   parenting  

摘要： Objective: To determine whether 4- and 14-month-old infants of mothers with panic disorder (PD) would be more likely to show differences in temperament, neurophysiology (salivary cortisol and sleep), and relationships with their mothers than controls. Method: Two cohorts were recruited: 4-month-old infants with PD mothers (n = 25) and 4-month-old controls (n = 24), and 14-month-old infants with PD mothers (n = 27) and 14-month-old controls (n = 18). Mothers completed diagnostic interviews and questionnaires concerning infant temperament, sleep, and parenting. Infant salivary cortisol samples and standard observational procedures to measure infant temperament, sleep, attachment, and parenting were also used. Results: Infants with PD mothers did not show more high reactivity, behavioral inhibition, or ambivalent/resistant attachment but did demonstrate different neurophysiology (higher salivary cortisol and more disturbed sleep) than controls. PD mothers alto displayed less sensitivity toward their infants and reported parenting behaviors concerning infant sleep and discipline that have been associated with child problems. Conclusions: While infants with PD mothers did not show early behavioral differences from controls, they did display neurophysiological divergences consistent with higher arousal/arousability. Such neurophysiological divergences (elevated salivary cortisol and disturbed sleep) might be important early indicators of risk. Helping PD mothers parent their more highly aroused/arousable infants could reduce the development of psychopathology.

关键词： “肾生髓”   中枢神经系统功能   中医   神经生理学   听觉脑干诱发电位   体感诱发电位   大鼠  

摘要： 目的从神经生理学角度,探讨中医“肾生髓”的本质,为“肾生髓”理论提供科学依据。方法2.5月龄SD雄性大鼠,以单纯随机方法分成正常对照组、去势组和虚劳组。用听觉脑干诱发电位(ABR)、体感诱发电位(SEP)以及氨基酸类和单胺类中枢递质含量为指标,观察虚劳肾虚和去势肾虚模型大鼠的中枢神经系统(CNS)功能状况。结果肾虚模型大鼠睾酮(T)水平下降时,虚劳组犤(271±20)mg犦胸腺质量明显低于正常对照组犤(565±81)mg犦(P<0.01)。与对照组比较,肾虚模型大鼠神经系统功能下降,表现为造模后ABR峰潜伏期延长(F=6.713,P<0.001),阈值提高(F=9.555,P<0.001);SEP的峰潜伏期延长(F=4.161,P=0.002),差异有非常显著性意义。中枢递质含量下降。结论肾虚时血T水平低下影响CNS的兴奋性,这一作用可能是“肾”(性腺激素)通过调制某些中枢递质的合成与释放而产生效应的结果。

关键词： 腰神经根   神经通道   慢性损伤   形态学   神经生理学   神经压迫  

摘要： 腰神经根在神经通道内受到机械压迫和炎性刺激是腰椎间盘突出症和神经根管狭窄诱发腰腿痛的主要原因。建立合适的神经根慢性损伤动物模型 ,有利于研究其病理性疼痛的机制。神经根受到慢性损伤后在形态学、电生理学、血液 -神经屏障和化学介质等方面都有变化。神经纤维脱髓鞘后 ,钠通道重新分布 ,细胞膜处于对刺激的超敏状态 ,产生自发重复放电 ,这种变化可能是病理性疼痛产生的原因。

关键词： 心理学   生理学   木质环境   人体健康   影响因素  

摘要： 介绍了心理生理学的研究内容与研究方法 ,探讨了将心理生理学应用于木质环境学研究中的可行性与意义。设计了基于心理生理学方法开展木质环境对人体生理、心理影响的实验 。

关键词： 慢性疲劳综合症   诊断标准   中医病机   神经生理学   辨证施治  

摘要： 慢性疲劳综合症(Chronic Fatigue Syndrome,CFS),是现代高效快节奏生活方式下出现的一组以长期极度疲劳(包括体力疲劳和脑力疲劳)为主要突出表现的全身性症候群,基本特征为长时间极度疲劳,休息后不能缓解,理化检查没有器质性病变.