关键词： 事件相关电位   刺激方式   认知   交叉模式   单一模式   神经生理学   ERP  

摘要： 总结了事件相关电位(ERP)的研究现状,并针对其关键问题即刺激方式的编制进行了详细地概括和评述.就国内外事件相关电位的最新研究内容和热点问题,指出了交叉刺激下的事件相关电位已成为国内外事件相关电位研究的发展趋势.同时,对这种交叉刺激形式的事件相关电位的研究方法进行了介绍,尤其对其刺激的编制做了详尽地论述,并举例说明.

关键词： education   neurophysiology   treatment   evidence-based medicine  

摘要： To identify why reconceptualization of the problem is difficult in chronic pain, this study aimed to evaluate whether (1) health professionals and patients can understand currently accurate information about the neurophysiology of pain and (2) health professionals accurately estimate the ability of patients to understand the neurophysiology of pain. Knowledge tests were completed by 276 patients with chronic pain and 288 professionals either before (untrained) or after (trained) education about the neurophysiology of pain. Professionals estimated typical patient performance on the test. Untrained participants performed poorly (mean +/- standard deviation, 55% +/- 19% and 29% +/- 12% for professionals and patients, respectively), compared to their trained counterparts (78% +/- 21% and 61% +/- 19%, respectively). The estimated patient score (46% +/- 18%) was less than the actual patient score (P < .005). The results suggest that professionals and patients can understand the neurophysiology of pain but professionals underestimate patients' ability to understand. The implications are that (1) a poor knowledge of currently accurate information about pain and (2) the underestimation of patients' ability to understand currently accurate information about pain represent barriers to reconceptualization of the problem in chronic pain within the clinical and lay arenas. (C) 2003 by the American Pain Society.

关键词： nociception   hypersensitivity   sensitisation  

摘要： The transmission of pain-related information from the periphery to the cortex depends on signal integration at three levels of the nervous system: the spinal medulla, brain-stem and telencephalon. In fulfilling its task of safeguarding human health, pain may develop as a result of damaged or altered primary afferent neurons (stimulus-dependent) or arise spontaneously without any apparent causal stimulus.(stimulus-independent). Hyperalgesia.(i.e. an exaggerated perception of pain after a painful stimulus) is due to an anomaly in the processing of nociceptive inputs in the central and peripheral nervous systems leading to the activation of the primary afferents by stimuli other than the usual stimuli.

关键词： anxiety   imagery   startle   depression   panic   PTSD  

摘要： Psychophysiological response to fear memory imagery was assessed in specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder with agoraphobia, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and healthy controls. Heart rate, skin conductance, and corrugator muscle were recorded as participants responded to tone cues signaling previously memorized descriptor sentences. Image contents included personal fears, social fears, fears of physical danger, and neutral (low arousal) scenes. Reactions to acoustic startle probes (eyeblink) were assessed during recall imagery and nonsignal periods. Participants were significantly more reactive (in physiology and report of affect) to fear than neutral cues. Panic and PTSD patients were, however, less physiologically responsive than specific phobics and the socially anxious. Panic and PTSD patients also reported the most anxiety and mood symptoms, and were most frequently comorbidly depressed. Overall, physiological reactivity to sentence memory cues was greatest in patients with focal fear of specific objects or events, and reduced in patients characterized by generalized, high negative affect.

关键词： 视觉操作条件化   果蝇   抉择过程   行为修饰   扭矩分布模式   蘑菇体   视觉联想式学习过程   神经生理学  

摘要： 在视觉操作条件化中,果蝇具有惟一的行为输出——偏转扭矩,扭矩输出参与了条件化的形成。通过发展新的分析方法,分析了果蝇在条件化过程中的扭矩分布模式。果蝇扭矩分布模式的修饰过程反映了操作条件化对果蝇行为模式的影响。先前的研究表明,在果蝇的视觉操作条件化中,面对矛盾的视觉线索时,果蝇将依据不同线索的相对权重作出类似抉择的行为;研究还表明,果蝇脑内的蘑菇体结构在这种抉择中起重要作用。通过对果蝇在这种类抉择行为中的扭矩输出进行“扭矩-位置分布”分析,研究了在果蝇抉择过程中的行为模式的修饰过程。利用这种扭矩分析方法,得以从揭示果蝇行为模式的角度对果蝇操作式视觉联想式学习及抉择行为进行研究。在对果蝇操作条件化中的视觉联想式学习过程、抉择过程以及行为模式修饰过程进行分析的同时,也讨论了它们所涉及的可能不同的神经基础。

关键词： Neurophysiology - biologic function   Neuromuscular Diseases   Clinical   Methodology  

摘要： This lecture focuses on the impact of classic and modern electrophysiological techniques on the diagnostic approach to patients with neuromuscular disorders, placing emphasis on the limitations of currently used techniques and on the future prospects of clinical neurophysiology. The refinement of old techniques together with the development of new ones will hopefully improve the diagnostic capability of neurophysiology, improve understanding of the complex pathogenic mechanisms underlying neuromuscular disorders and help further the research of new therapeutic strategies.

关键词： Cerebral oximetry   Electroencephalography   Motor evoked potentials   Somatosensory-evoked potentials   Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography  

摘要： Purpose of review: The goal of this article is to summarize very recent technologic advances in neurophysiologic monitoring and to illustrate their potential benefit to critical care medicine. Recent findings: Simplified, computer-processed electroencephalography devices now permit cost-effective, long-term critical care monitoring. They may be used alone to objectively assess sedation or coma level. In addition, these monitors serve as screening tools for more detailed electrophysiologic characterization of cortical dysfunction resulting from seizures, ischemia, or hypoxia. Somatosensory potentials broaden these capabilities to the entire neuraxis, whereas long-latency auditory evoked potentials facilitate measurement of changes in vigilance and cognition. Motor evoked potentials offer a sensitive and reliable method to determine the function of descending motor pathways in uncooperative or unresponsive patients. They may also yield a new measure of cortical excitability. New developments with transcranial Doppler ultrasonography promise noninvasive measures of cerebral perfusion pressure and particulate embolization. Near-infrared spectroscopy appears to enable noninvasive measurement of regional tissue oxygenation in both the brain and spinal cord. Summary: When used together, these continuous measures of synaptic function, cerebral perfusion, and oxygenation give the clinician a vast amount of otherwise unobtainable information regarding the functional status of the central nervous system.

关键词： mentalizing   theory of mind   medial prefrontal cortex   anterior cingulated cortex   temporal poles   superior temporal sulcus  

摘要： The mentalizing (theory of mind) system of the brain is probably in operation from ca. 18 months of age, allowing implicit attribution of intentions and other mental states. Between the ages of 4 and 6 years explicit mentalizing becomes possible, and from this age children are able to explain the misleading reasons that have given rise to a false belief. Neuroimaging studies of mentalizing have so far only been carried out in adults. They reveal a system with three components consistently activated during both implicit and explicit mentalizing tasks: medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), temporal poles and posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS). The functions of these components can be elucidated, to some extent, from their role in other tasks used in neuroimaging studies. Thus, the MPFC region is probably the basis of the decoupling mechanism that distinguishes mental state representations from physical state representations;the STS region is probably the basis of the detection of agency, and the temporal poles might be involved in access to social knowledge in the form of scripts. The activation of these components in concert appears to be critical to mentalizing.

关键词： 音乐   疾病   神经生理学   治疗功能   保健作用   音乐疗法   镇静作用   宣泄   愉悦   自信  

摘要： 音乐治疗功能的科学根据何在?现代神经生理学家已经通过大量的研究证明:音乐对神经结构,特别是大脑皮层,有直接影响。不同的乐曲作用于人的感觉器官,通过听神经传到大脑皮层后,能对中枢神经系统产生良好的刺激作用。

关键词： 兴奋传递   神经肌肉接点   N--M接点   阻滞剂   阻滞作用   神经生理学  

摘要： 兴奋由神经向肌肉的传递是通过神经肌肉接点 (N M接点 )得以实现的。本文通过四种阻滞剂 (过量Mg2 + 和K+ 、盐酸普鲁卡因、硫酸阿托品 )对N M接点的阻滞作用进行了研究。结果表明 :过量的Mg2 + 和K+ 、盐酸普鲁卡因、硫酸阿托品对N M接点有明显的阻滞作用。