关键词： 开发潜能   心理生理学   特工人员   人生理想   原苏联   实验室   克格勃   波利亚   专家   培训   矫正  

摘要： 人们常说'超越自我'.实现这种超越的主要途径是开发自身的潜能.但是,'潜能'到底是什么?抛开形形色色的人生理想不说,开发潜能对于日常生活有何现实意义?曾在原苏联克格勃心理生理学和矫正实验室培训过特工人员的专家波利亚琴科最近在一篇文章中对上述问题进行了论述.

关键词： Overactive bladder   Capsaicin   Serotonin   Oxybutynin   Muscarinic receptors  

摘要： With the continued aging of the population, the incidence of conditions associated with bladder control will continue to grow. In this article, we review the neurophysiology and pathophysiology of the bladder and urethra and discuss logical concepts for the development of novel drug therapy that can better help the expanding population of patients with bladder control problems.

关键词： 高血压,门静脉   病理学,临床   消化生理学  

摘要： 门静脉高压症是临床上常见的严重疾病 ,以腹水、脾脏肿大及侧支循环的建立为主要表现 ,降低门静脉的压力可以减少这些病症的发生 ,了解门静脉高压形成的病理生理学基础 ,为选择合理治疗手段提供理论依据。与所有血管一样 ,门静脉压力与流入门静脉的血流量及血流流出时遇到的血管阻力有直接关系 ,门静脉压力 =流入血流量×流出阻力 ,因此 ,流入血流量增加或血流流出阻力增大均可致门静脉压力增加。在门脉高压形成因素中 ,血流流出时遇到的阻力增加往往是始动因素 ,而血流量增加则对维持门脉高压起重要作用。因而 ,影响这两方面的诸多因素均可影响门静脉压力。本文欲从不同的水平对门静脉高压形成的病理生理学做简单综述。1　门静脉高压形成的结构学基础1.1　门静脉阻力增加后向血流学说 (ｂａｃｋｗａｒｄｆｌｏｗｔｈｅｏｒｙ)　门脉主干由肠系膜上、下静脉和脾静脉汇合而成 ,且与下腔静脉之间存在众多交通支 ,由于门脉系统内缺乏瓣膜 ,内脏小静脉与心脏之间任何部位血流阻力增高 ,均可导致阻塞部位的肠侧血管内的压力升高 ,正常门静脉压力一般为 5～10ｍｍＨｇ(1ｍｍＨｇ =0 .133ｋＰａ) ,如果门静脉压力和肝静脉嵌塞压大于 2 5ｍｍＨｇ...

关键词： 植物生理实验课   教学改革   素质教育  

摘要： 探讨在高素质人才培养过程中 ,植物生理实验改革新观点和操作模式 ,为实验教学质量的综合评比奠定基础。

关键词： Animals   Behavioral Research/history   Evolution*   History, 19th Century   History, 20th Century   Individuality   Motor Activity/physiology   Protozoa/physiology*   Psychology, Experimental/history*   Psychology, Experimental/methods   Psychophysiology/history*   Psychophysiology/methods  

摘要： This essay aims to shed new light on the relations between physiology and psychology in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by focusing on the use of unicellular organisms as research objects during that period. Within the frameworks of evolutionism and monism advocated by Ernst Haeckel, protozoa were perceived as objects situated at the borders between organism and cell and individual and society. Scholars such as Max Verworn, Alfred Binet, and Herbert Spencer Jennings were provoked by these organisms to undertake experimental investigations situated between general physiology and psychology that differed from the physiological psychology advocated by Wilhelm Wundt. Some of these investigations sought to locate psychological properties in the molecular structure of protoplasm;others stressed the existence of organic and psychological individuality in protozoa. In the following decades, leading philosophers such as Friedrich Nietzsche, Charles Sanders Peirce, and Henri Bergson, as well as psychological researchers like Sigmund Freud, integrated the results of these investigations into their reflections on such problems as the nature of the will, the structure of the ego, and the holistic nature of the reactions of organisms to their environment.

关键词： .electrodes   brainstem   evoked potential   electrically evoked   EABR   middle latency   EAMLR   Na-Pa   ELAR   site and stimulus   auditory potentials   Waves II  

摘要： Objective: As the need for objective measures with cochlear implant users increases, it is critical to understand how electrical potentials behave when stimulus parameters are systematically varied. The purpose of this study was to record and evaluate the effects of implanted electrode site and stimulus current level on latency, amplitude, and threshold measures of electrically evoked auditory potentials, representing brainstem and cortical levels of the auditory system. Design: The electrical auditory brainstem response (EABR), electrical auditory middle latency response (EAMLR), and the electrical late auditory response (ELAR) were recorded from the same experimental subjects, 11 adult Clarion cochlear implant users. The Waves II, III, and V of the EABR, the Na-Pa complex of the EAMLR and the N1-P2 complex of the ELAR were investigated relative to electrode site (along the intra-cochlear electrode array) and stimulus current level. Evoked potential measures were examined for statistical significance using analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures. Results: For the EABR, Wave V latency was significantly longer for the basal electrode (7) compared with the mid (4) and apical (1) electrodes. For the EAMLR and ELAR, there were no significant differences in latency by electrode site. For all subjects and each of the evoked potentials, the apical electrodes tended to have the largest amplitude and the basal electrodes the smallest amplitude, although amplitude differences did not reach statistical significance. In general, decreases in stimulus current level resulted in statistically significant decreases in the amplitude of Wave V, Na-Pa and N1-P2. The evoked potential thresholds for Wave V, Na-Pa, and N1-P2 were significantly higher for the basal Electrode 7 than for Electrodes 4 and 1. Conclusions: Electrophysiologic responses of Waves II, III, and V of the EABR, Na-Pa of the EAMLR, and N1-P2 of the ELAR were characterized as functions of current level and e

关键词： GnRH   leptin   neuropeptide Y   nonhuman primate   structural hypothalamic remodeling  

关键词： .electrodes   quiet   dynamic range   evoked   behavioral measures   brainstem   electrically   auditory pathway   neurophysiologic   Cochlear Implants   loudness   EABR   open-set   middle latency   EAMLR   Na-Pa   ELAR  

摘要： Objective: The overall objective of this study was to relate electrically evoked potentials recorded from different levels of the auditory pathway with behavioral measures obtained from adult cochlear implant subjects. The hypothesis was that adult recipients of cochlear implants who have open-set speech perception and those recipients with no open-set speech perception would differ in their neurophysiologic responses recorded at one or more levels of the auditory pathway. Design: The subjects were 11 adults implanted with the Clarion cochlear implant. The electrical auditory brainstem response (EABR, Wave V), electrical auditory middle latency response (EAMLR, Na-Pa complex), and the electrical late auditory response (ELAR, N1-P2 complex), were recorded from three intra-cochlear electrodes. The stimuli used to record the evoked potentials varied in rate and amplitude. Behavioral measures (between threshold and upper limit of comfortable loudness) were used to define the subject's dynamic range at the different stimulus rates. Word and sentence recognition tests evaluated subjects' speech perception in quiet and noise. Evoked potential and behavioral measures were examined for statistical significance using analysis of variance for repeated measures and correlational analyses. Results: Subjects without open-set speech recognition demonstrated 1) poorly formed or absent evoked potential responses, 2) reduced behavioral dynamic ranges, 3) lack of change in the size of the dynamic range with a change in stimulus rate, and 4) longer periods of auditory deprivation. The variables that differentiated the best performers included 1) presence of responses at all three levels of the auditory pathway, with large normalized amplitudes for the EAMLR, 2) lower evoked potential thresholds for the Na-Pa complex, 3) relatively large dynamic ranges, and 4) changes in the size of the dynamic range with changes in stimulus rate. Conclusions: In this study, the inability to follow chan

摘要： Explores the relations between physiology and psychology in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by focusing on the use of unicellular organisms as research objects during that period. Information on the narrative of the development of experimental psychology introduced by Edwin G. Boring; Characteristics of protozoa; Details of the cellular psychology developed by Ernst Haeckel.

关键词： 神经生理学   大脑   手指   高级神经活动   脑反射   脊髓   神经系统   俄国   巴甫洛夫   思维  

摘要： 谢切诺夫是俄国生理学之父，也是神经生理学的主要奠基人之一，著有《关于青蛙脑中抑制脊髓反射活动机制的生理学研究》、《大脑的反射》、《神经系统生理学》、《思维的要素》学术专著。在西方科学家驰骋神经心理学领域的同时，俄国科学家谢切诺夫和巴甫洛夫作出了同样伟大的贡献，谢切诺夫最早提出的大脑反射学说，开辟了俄国生理学的发展道路，为后来高级神经活动学说的建立奠定了基础。