关键词： clitoris   sexual climax   pudendal   pelvic   hypogastric   genital  

摘要： Recent research on the neural control of female sexual function is reviewed. The control of female genital responses has not been extensively studied and significant gaps in our knowledge remain. Sexual arousal is largely the product of spinal level reflexes. A network of interneurons processes the sensory information and generate complex patterns of activities that are then distributed to the autonomic and somatic efferents. The spinal reflexive systems are under inhibitory and excitatory control from the brainstem and hypothalamic sites. Further research is necessary to identify the mechanisms underlying female sexual function, the pathogenesis of sexual dysfunctions and their possible treatment.

关键词： Digestive Physiology   Digestive System   Growth   Prolactin   消化生理学   消化系统   生长   催乳素   Rats   Digestive System   Digestive System Physiological Phenomena   Prolactin   alpha-Glucosidases  

摘要： The growth and maturation of the gastrointestinal tract during development is influenced by diverse genetic and growth factors. Since prolactin is abundant in amniotic fluid and breast milk, we hypothesized that it may also affect gut development. The effect of prolactin on thymidine incorporation and tissue alkaline phosphatase, maltase and lactase activity was studied on jejunal explants from fetal, newborn and 2 week-old rats. The results were compared with the effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) under identical experimental conditions. Prolactin induced a significant increase in proliferation and a two- to threefold increase in maltase and alkaline phosphatase activity of the newborn explants. The effect of prolactin in this group compared to that of EGF was significantly greater with respect to proliferation, and almost identical with respect to the hydrolases studied. These results suggest that prolactin might have a role in the process of growth and maturation of the gut mucosa during ontogeny.

关键词： schizophrenia   magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)   magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)   postmortem   event-related potentials (ERPs)   magnetoencephalography (MEG)   heterogeneity   symptom  

摘要： Schizophrenia is a major mental disorder, characterized by their set of symptoms, including hallucinatory-delusional symptoms, thought disorder, emotional flattening, and social withdrawal. Since 1980s, advances in neuroimaging and neurophysiological techniques have provided tremendous merits for investigations into schizophrenia as a brain disorder. In this article, we first overviewed neuroanatomical studies using structural magnetic resonance imaging (s-MRI), MR spectroscopy (MRS), and postmortem brains, followed by neurophysiological studies using event-related potentials (ERPs) and magnetoencephalography (MEG), in patients with schizophrenia. Evidences from these studies suggest that schizophrenia is a chronic brain disorder, structurally and functionally affecting various cortical and subcortical regions involved in cognitive, emotional, and motivational aspects of human behavior. Second, we reviewed recent investigations into neurobiological basis for schizophrenic symptoms (auditory hallucinations and thought disorder) using these indices as well as hemodynamic assessments such as positron emission tomography (PET) and functional MRI (f-MRI). Finally, we addressed the issue of the heterogeneity of schizophrenia from the neurobiological perspective, in relation to the neuroanatomical and neurophysiological measures. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd and the Japan Neuroscience Society. All rights reserved.

关键词： 睡眠   神经生理学   机体免疫力   美容  

摘要： 伴随社会的进步、生活的改善和人们健康意识水平的不断提高 ,在世界范围内 ,大家都逐渐开始注意到睡眠这样一个重要的健康问题 ,睡眠已成为全人类关注的焦点之一。正因如此 ,自 2 0 0 1年开始 ,每年的 3月 2 1日定为“世界睡眠日”。据悉 ,今年我国也将参加由国际精神卫生和神经科学基金会发起的“全球睡眠和健康计划”教育活动。为配合“全球睡眠和健康计划”教育活动的开展 ,深入进行社区卫生服务工作 ,本刊特编辑此专题 。

关键词： 睡眠   生理过程   神经生理学   时相  

摘要： 睡眠和觉醒一样,都是生理活动所必要的过程.睡眠与觉醒相比,主要的特点是在睡眠时一般表现出:①嗅、视、听、触等感觉功能暂时减退;②骨骼肌反射运动和肌紧张减弱;③伴有一系列植物神经功能改变,如:血压下降、心率减慢、瞳孔缩小、尿量减少、体温下降、代谢率减低、呼吸变慢、胃液分泌可增多而唾液分泌减少、发汗功能增强等.

关键词： 精神障碍/心理学   精神障碍/治疗   身心关系(玄学)   模型   神经学   模型   心理学   哲学   医学   精神病学/教育   精神病学/方法   心理生理学   心理疗法/方法   心理疗法/标准   人类  

关键词： 年龄因素   钡/药代动力学   体重/生理学   造影剂/药代动力学   消化生理学   消化系统/放射摄影术   狗/生理学   粪便   胃肠通过试验/生理学   放射摄影术   腹部/兽医学   动物   男(雄)性  

摘要： Objective-To compare gastric emptying time, small-intestinal transit time (SITT), and orocecal transit time (OCTT) of radiopaque markers in dogs varying in age and body size and to determine whether fecal variables (ie, consistency and moisture content) are related to gastrointestinal tract transit times in dogs. Animals-24 eight-week-old female puppies, including 6 Miniature Poodles, 6 Standard Schnauzers, 6 Giant Schnauzers, and 6 Great Danes. Procedure-Gastrointestinal tract transit time experiments were performed at 12, 22, 36, and 60 weeks of age. Dogs were fed 30 small radiopaque markers mixed with a meal. Abdominal radiographs were taken. The time at which 50% of the markers had left the stomach (T50) and the time at which the first marker reached the colon were calculated. Fecal moisture content and scoring on the basis of fecal consistency were recorded during the same periods. Results-Puppies had a shorter mean T50 than adults, and mean OCTT decreased significantly only during growth of large-breed dogs. However mean fecal moisture content significantly increased with age, except in Giant Schnauzers. No effect of body size on T50 was found regardless of age, and no difference was observed between OCTT of small- and large-breed adult dogs. The effect of age on the mean SITT was not significant for any breed. However, a strong positive correlation was recorded between body size and fecal moisture content (r(2) = 0.77) or fecal scores (r(2) = 0.69) in adult dogs. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Age affects T50 in small- and large-breed dogs and OCTT in large-breed dogs. However, body size does not affect T50 or OCTT. A relationship does not exist between gastrointestinal tract transit time and fecal variables in healthy dogs.

关键词： clinical assessment   memory   individual differences   deception   memory  

摘要： Psychophysiological measures hold great potential for informing clinical assessments. The challenge, before such measures can be widely used, is to develop test procedures and analysis strategies that allow for statistically reliable and valid decisions to be made for any particular examinee, despite large individual differences in psychophysiological responding. Focusing on the evaluation of memory in clinical, criminal, and experimental contexts, this paper reviews the rationale for and development of ERP-based memory assessment procedures, with a focus on methods that allow for statistically supported decisions to be made in the case of a single examinee. The application of one such procedure to the study of amnesia in Dissociative Identity Disorder is highlighted. To facilitate the development of other psychophysiological assessment tools, psychophysiological researchers are encouraged to report the sensitivity and specificity of their measures where possible.

关键词： 植物生理学   实验教学   教学改革   教学内容   教学结构  

摘要： 依据师范院校植物生理学实验教学中所存在的问题 ,针对教学内容、教学结构以及考核方法等进行了改革 ,结果表明 ,该方法对提高学生认识问题、分析问题。