关键词： neural science   social media  

摘要： & nbsp; & nbsp;

关键词： Enallagma   growth   immune response   metabolism   parasitism   trade-off   DISEASE RESISTANCE   LOCAL ADAPTATION   METABOLIC-RATES   TRADE-OFF   PLASTICITY   PREDATION   INSECT   RISK   INFECTION   BEHAVIOR  

摘要： 1. Trade-offs are often predicted to occur between energetically costly activities, such as somatic growth and eliciting immune responses to parasites. Although parasitism frequently reduces growth via lowered consumption, it remains unclear if the energetic demands of generating immune responses also affect the digestive physiological processes necessary for growth. Moreover, as local environmental conditions affect energetic investment towards growth and immune responses, the extent of any digestive-immune response trade-offs may vary among populations and not be fixed at the species-level. 2. To test these ideas, melanisation - a general innate immune response - was first induced in damselfly larvae (Enallagma vesperum) from two populations. The study then quantified growth and consumption rates, assimilation and production efficiencies, and daily metabolic rates to determine if digestive-immune response trade-offs were present and, if so, whether they differed between populations. 3. There was no evidence of any trade-offs between immune responses and digestive physiology components in either population. However, the results did show that populations differentially allocated energy towards different digestive physiology components after an immune response was elicited: one population increased their relative consumption and daily metabolic rates, while the other population had lower assimilation efficiencies and consumption rates. 4. Although researchers lack a mechanistic understanding of the observed population-level differences, these results suggest that accounting for population-level variation in digestive physiology and immune responses is critical to inferences about how immunological defences to parasitism may affect the ability for organisms to both acquire and utilise resources.

关键词： Intraoperative neurophysiology   Cerebellar mutism   Posterior fossa surgery   POSTERIOR-FOSSA   MUTISM SYNDROME   FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY   DENTATE NUCLEUS   BASAL GANGLIA   MOTOR CORTEX   COGNITION   REPRESENTATIONS   COMMUNICATION   ORGANIZATION  

摘要： Purpose Cerebellar mutism (CM) is a condition that occurs predominantly in children, after posterior fossa surgery (PFS). It is characterized by motor, speech, and behavioral disorders. Despite widespread use of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM), little is known about the neurophysiological aspects involved in the pathophysiology of CM. We reviewed the IONM literature to identify working hypotheses aimed to investigate intraoperatively the circuits involved in CM. Methods A systematic review of the literature was conducted using PubMed central database. Papers describing the use of IONM techniques in the cerebellum were selected, thoroughly reviewed, and discussed. Results and discussion Only two studies reported the use of intraoperative neurophysiology of the cerebellum, suggesting a possible somatotopic motor organization of the cerebellar cortex. In addition, extra-operative studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation showed the possibility to modulate-possibly through the dentato-thalamic-cortical (DTC) pathway-primary motor cortex output using an appropriate cerebellar stimulus. In theory, the preservation of this either inhibitory or facilitatory modulation may predict the preservation of this pathway, while a loss of the effect may indicate an injury to the pathway, and predict a CM. Analogously, in the extra-operative setting, the comparison of pre-operative and post-operative transcranial magnetic stimulation of the cerebellum may predict the onset of CM whenever a pre-existing modulatory effect is lost as a result of surgery. Conclusion Virtually, no data exist on the intraoperative neurophysiology of the cerebellum. This limited knowledge, nevertheless, offers a unique opportunity to pediatric neurosurgeons to develop and test working hypotheses on the pathophysiology of CM, through the use of IONM.

摘要： BackgroundSchizotypal personality disorder (SPD) is a cluster A personality disorder affecting 1.0% of general population, characterised by disturbances in cognition and reality testing dimensions, affect regulation, and interpersonal function. SPD shares similar but attenuated phenomenological, genetic, and neurobiological abnormalities with schizophrenia (SCZ) and is described as part of the continuum of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Neuroimaging and neurophysiology are the main non-invasive techniques for the investigation of brain structure and function, so they play a crucial role in psychiatric research and for their applications into clinical practice. The present review aims to systematically identify the major neuroimaging and neurophysiology biomarkers of *** present review has been conducted according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement. The protocol was prospectively registered in PROSPERO - International prospective register of systematic reviews. The systematic review was performed to summarise the most comprehensive and updated evidence on functional neuroimaging and neurophysiology findings obtained through different techniques (DW-MRI, DTI, PET, SPECT, fMRI, MRS, EEG) in subjects with *** search initially yielded 218 records. After study selection and reference screening, the final set comprised 52 studies. Of the 52 studies included in this review, 9 were on DW-MRI and DTI, 11 were on PET and SPECT, 11 were on fMRI and MRS, and 21 were on EEG. Although it was complex to synthesise all the functional abnormalities found in the included studies into a single, unified, pathogenetic pathway, a common theme that emerged was the dysfunction of brain circuits including striatal, frontal, temporal, limbic regions, and their networks. This dysfunction may be the result of a dysregulation along the dopaminergic pathways and lead to deficits or defects in processes that organise a

关键词： Event-Related Potentials   Clinical High-Risk States for Psychosis   Cognitive Deficits   Psychotic Symptoms   Risk Profile Scores  

关键词： cerebral cortex   history of cybernetics   history of neuro-otology   history of neurosciences   Ramon y Cajal   Spanish Neurohistological school   IMPULSES   NEURONS  

摘要： Rafael Lorente de No (1902-1990) was the youngest and last of Santiago Ramon y Cajal's students. With Fernando de Castro, Lorente de No helped to transition the focus of Ramon y Cajal's School from neuroanatomy to neurophysiology. His main contributions to neuroscience concerned the cytoarchitecture of the cerebral isocortex and hippocampus, neural networks, central vestibular system anatomy, vestibulo-ocular reflex physiology, cochlear nuclei anatomy, and synaptic transmission mechanisms. This article pays tribute to the memory of Lorente de No by providing a comprehensive review of the life and work of this giant of neuroscience. Anat Rec, 303:1221-1231, 2020. (c) 2019 American Association for Anatomy

摘要： Objective: To analyze the financial relationships between the healthcare industry and physicians in the clinical neurophysiology ***: There is substantial concern about the potential impact of the physician’s financial relationship with the industry on clinical practice. Transparent reporting of payments to physicians and teaching hospitals from drug and device manufacturers is mandated by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Open Payments Data (OPD) ***/Methods: A retrospective descriptive analysis was performed to characterize the nature, trend, contribution, and distribution of payments using the publicly available CMS OPD database from 2013 to ***: In the Clinical Neurophysiology specialty, 49,482 payments totaled $7.7 million from 2013 to 2018, of which 99.4% of records and 93.4% of values were for general/non-research-related payments. The annual total amount increased from $570,000 in 2013, peaked at $1.65 million in 2015, and dropped to $1.15 million in 2018. Among 3,035 board-certified clinical neurophysiologists, 1,483 (48.9%) received at least one payment from the industry, with the median amount of $142.85 (IQR: $41.83 to $607.50). With respect to the value of payments, the top 10 sponsors contributed to 71.2% of the total amount (ranging from $302,000 to $767,000), and the top 10 anti-epilepsy medications contributed to 36.0% (ranging from $30,000 to $739,000). The top 10 physicians received 56.8% of the total amount of payments (ranging from $129,000 to $1,268,000), of which 85.9% of the values were not related to anti-epilepsy ***: Payments from industry to the clinical neurophysiology, largely driven by non-research related payments, has increased from 2013 to 2015 and declined since then. There was a disparity of payments with respect to the contribution by sponsors as well as distribution to physicians, and the majority of payments were unrelated to anti-epilepsy products.

关键词： Stroke   Motor learning   Intracortical inhibition   Transcranial magnetic stimulation   LONG-TERM POTENTIATION   I-WAVE INTERACTION   INTRACORTICAL INHIBITION   HORIZONTAL CONNECTIONS   CORTEX INHIBITION   PLASTICITY   EXCITABILITY   RECOVERY   ACQUISITION   RECEPTORS  

摘要： Objective: Motor learning is relevant in chronic stroke for acquiring compensatory strategies to motor control deficits. However, the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying motor skill acquisition with the paretic upper limb have received little systematic investigation. The aim of this study was to assess the modulation of corticomotor excitability and intracortical inhibition within ipsilesional primary motor cortex (M1) during motor skill learning. Methods: Ten people at the chronic stage after stroke and twelve healthy controls trained on a sequential visuomotor isometric wrist extension task. Skill was quantified before, immediately after, 24 hours and 7 days post-training. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to examine corticomotor excitability and short- and long-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI and LICI) pre- and post-training. Results: The patient group exhibited successful skill acquisition and retention, although absolute skill level was lower compared with controls. In contrast to controls, patients' ipsilesional corticomotor excitability was not modulated during skill acquisition, which may be attributed to excessive ipsilesional LICI relative to controls. SICI decreased after training for both patient and control groups. Conclusions: Our findings indicate distinct inhibitory networks within M1 that may be relevant for motor learning after stroke. Significance: These findings have potential clinical relevance for neurorehabilitation adjuvants aimed at augmenting the recovery of motor function. (C) 2020 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.