关键词： .electrodes   brainstem   evoked potential   electrically evoked   EABR   middle latency   EAMLR   Na-Pa   ELAR   site and stimulus   auditory potentials   Waves II  

摘要： Objective: As the need for objective measures with cochlear implant users increases, it is critical to understand how electrical potentials behave when stimulus parameters are systematically varied. The purpose of this study was to record and evaluate the effects of implanted electrode site and stimulus current level on latency, amplitude, and threshold measures of electrically evoked auditory potentials, representing brainstem and cortical levels of the auditory system. Design: The electrical auditory brainstem response (EABR), electrical auditory middle latency response (EAMLR), and the electrical late auditory response (ELAR) were recorded from the same experimental subjects, 11 adult Clarion cochlear implant users. The Waves II, III, and V of the EABR, the Na-Pa complex of the EAMLR and the N1-P2 complex of the ELAR were investigated relative to electrode site (along the intra-cochlear electrode array) and stimulus current level. Evoked potential measures were examined for statistical significance using analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures. Results: For the EABR, Wave V latency was significantly longer for the basal electrode (7) compared with the mid (4) and apical (1) electrodes. For the EAMLR and ELAR, there were no significant differences in latency by electrode site. For all subjects and each of the evoked potentials, the apical electrodes tended to have the largest amplitude and the basal electrodes the smallest amplitude, although amplitude differences did not reach statistical significance. In general, decreases in stimulus current level resulted in statistically significant decreases in the amplitude of Wave V, Na-Pa and N1-P2. The evoked potential thresholds for Wave V, Na-Pa, and N1-P2 were significantly higher for the basal Electrode 7 than for Electrodes 4 and 1. Conclusions: Electrophysiologic responses of Waves II, III, and V of the EABR, Na-Pa of the EAMLR, and N1-P2 of the ELAR were characterized as functions of current level and e

关键词： GnRH   leptin   neuropeptide Y   nonhuman primate   structural hypothalamic remodeling  

关键词： .electrodes   quiet   dynamic range   evoked   behavioral measures   brainstem   electrically   auditory pathway   neurophysiologic   Cochlear Implants   loudness   EABR   open-set   middle latency   EAMLR   Na-Pa   ELAR  

摘要： Objective: The overall objective of this study was to relate electrically evoked potentials recorded from different levels of the auditory pathway with behavioral measures obtained from adult cochlear implant subjects. The hypothesis was that adult recipients of cochlear implants who have open-set speech perception and those recipients with no open-set speech perception would differ in their neurophysiologic responses recorded at one or more levels of the auditory pathway. Design: The subjects were 11 adults implanted with the Clarion cochlear implant. The electrical auditory brainstem response (EABR, Wave V), electrical auditory middle latency response (EAMLR, Na-Pa complex), and the electrical late auditory response (ELAR, N1-P2 complex), were recorded from three intra-cochlear electrodes. The stimuli used to record the evoked potentials varied in rate and amplitude. Behavioral measures (between threshold and upper limit of comfortable loudness) were used to define the subject's dynamic range at the different stimulus rates. Word and sentence recognition tests evaluated subjects' speech perception in quiet and noise. Evoked potential and behavioral measures were examined for statistical significance using analysis of variance for repeated measures and correlational analyses. Results: Subjects without open-set speech recognition demonstrated 1) poorly formed or absent evoked potential responses, 2) reduced behavioral dynamic ranges, 3) lack of change in the size of the dynamic range with a change in stimulus rate, and 4) longer periods of auditory deprivation. The variables that differentiated the best performers included 1) presence of responses at all three levels of the auditory pathway, with large normalized amplitudes for the EAMLR, 2) lower evoked potential thresholds for the Na-Pa complex, 3) relatively large dynamic ranges, and 4) changes in the size of the dynamic range with changes in stimulus rate. Conclusions: In this study, the inability to follow chan

摘要： Explores the relations between physiology and psychology in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by focusing on the use of unicellular organisms as research objects during that period. Information on the narrative of the development of experimental psychology introduced by Edwin G. Boring; Characteristics of protozoa; Details of the cellular psychology developed by Ernst Haeckel.

关键词： Animals   Behavioral Research/history   Evolution*   History, 19th Century   History, 20th Century   Individuality   Motor Activity/physiology   Protozoa/physiology*   Psychology, Experimental/history*   Psychology, Experimental/methods   Psychophysiology/history*   Psychophysiology/methods  

摘要： This essay aims to shed new light on the relations between physiology and psychology in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by focusing on the use of unicellular organisms as research objects during that period. Within the frameworks of evolutionism and monism advocated by Ernst Haeckel, protozoa were perceived as objects situated at the borders between organism and cell and individual and society. Scholars such as Max Verworn, Alfred Binet, and Herbert Spencer Jennings were provoked by these organisms to undertake experimental investigations situated between general physiology and psychology that differed from the physiological psychology advocated by Wilhelm Wundt. Some of these investigations sought to locate psychological properties in the molecular structure of protoplasm;others stressed the existence of organic and psychological individuality in protozoa. In the following decades, leading philosophers such as Friedrich Nietzsche, Charles Sanders Peirce, and Henri Bergson, as well as psychological researchers like Sigmund Freud, integrated the results of these investigations into their reflections on such problems as the nature of the will, the structure of the ego, and the holistic nature of the reactions of organisms to their environment.

关键词： 神经生理学   大脑   手指   高级神经活动   脑反射   脊髓   神经系统   俄国   巴甫洛夫   思维  

摘要： 谢切诺夫是俄国生理学之父，也是神经生理学的主要奠基人之一，著有《关于青蛙脑中抑制脊髓反射活动机制的生理学研究》、《大脑的反射》、《神经系统生理学》、《思维的要素》学术专著。在西方科学家驰骋神经心理学领域的同时，俄国科学家谢切诺夫和巴甫洛夫作出了同样伟大的贡献，谢切诺夫最早提出的大脑反射学说，开辟了俄国生理学的发展道路，为后来高级神经活动学说的建立奠定了基础。

关键词： 竞技项目   运动员   脑信息熵   运动生理学   神经生理学  

摘要： 目的：本文运用神经电生理与神经生物学研究的新成果，基于自组织理论等系统科学思想，对不同专项运动员脑信息熵进行测试与分析，以了解不同专项运动员对运动负荷的自主适应特征与脑对负荷信息控制的协同水平，试图为不同运动项目的区别提供脑神经生理学基础，以进一步从实质上把握运动训练的控制，并使之客观化。\n方法：本实验以短跑、游泳、花游、五项和蹦床专项运动员为实验对象。采用北京日江电子RJ TB ---1型高级运动训练状态（脑）监控仪，进行运动员脑信息熵特征的测试与分析。操作按临床常规进行，对常规EEG异常者，予以剔除。 \n结论：运动员脑信息熵具有明显的项目特点；而且，有明显的个体特点；脑信息熵可以在一定程度上，反映运动员对于运动训练影响所产生的适应性变化的自组织程度；良好的自组织状态，不仅表现为全脑信息熵值的均衡分布，而且，表现为熵值的高度集中。

关键词： 闭锁综合征   症状   临床分型   病因   神经生理学   预后  

摘要： 本专辑继第十期续完全部专辑内容 ,共载文 8篇。专辑选译自日本《临床医》杂志 ,2 0 0 1年Vol2 7,No 9特集 :意识障碍———诊察のポイント。本专辑全集共载文 2 2篇 ,是神经科医师的绝好参考资料。全集由中国医科大学第一临床医院神经内科主译 ,陈谅教授主审。

关键词： 脉   经络   经脉   神经生理学   络脉  

摘要： 经络学说起源于对“脉”的解剖生理学认识 ,以脉行的路径为经脉 ,以脉行的分支横出的径路为络脉 ,从而逐渐形成了经脉和络脉的概念。对经络学说提出挑战的是来自西方医学的传入 ,即人们在认识神经学说的结构与功能之后 ,来阐释经络沟通人体体表与体表上、下之间 ,体表与内脏内、外之间特异联络、调控和反应功能。在明末传入的西方解剖生理学 ,或是在晚清西方医学科学的东传过程中 ,与经络功能相关的中医词汇如“细筋”“系”等曾作为“nerve”的汉译名词 ,从而在中西医汇通的初创阶段 。