关键词： 联想学习   新小杆线虫   漂亮   条件反射   经典   提示   消退   心理学   习惯化   心理生理学   记忆保持力(心理学)   动物  

摘要： Habituation has traditionally been considered a nonassociative form of learning. However, recent research suggests that retention of this nonassociative form of learning may be aided by associations formed during training. An example of this is context conditioning, in which animals that are trained and tested in the presence of a contextual cue show greater retention than animals trained and tested in different environments. This article reports context conditioning in habituation in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The results showed that retention of habituation to tap at both 10- and 60-s interstimulus intervals was significantly greater if training and testing occurred in the presence of the same chemosensory cue (NaCH3COO). This context conditioning showed both extinction and latent inhibition, demonstrating that these simple worms with only 302 neurons are capable of associative context conditioning.

关键词： 食管胃接合处/解剖学和组织学   食管胃接合处/生理学   神经生理学   反射   人类  

摘要： The anatomy and physiology of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) are complex. Much progress has been made over the past few years in our understanding this important sphincter. The closing muscles of the UES include the inferior pharyngeal sphincter, the cricopharyngeus (CP), and the cervical esophagus. The CP is composed of two parts, which may have different functions. The CP is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus and the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Tone of the UES is probably generated by numerous reflexes rather than by specific tone-generating circuitry. The major tone-generating muscle is the CP, which is highly elastic and produces more active tension the more it is stretched. The UES opens by relaxation of the closing muscles, traction by muscles attached to the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage, and pulsion of the bolus. The various muscles of the UES behave differently during its many dynamic states, so that similar functions are accomplished by different muscles.

关键词： 衰老/生理学   衰老/心理学   听觉   习惯化   心理生理学   言语行为   青少年   成年人   老年人   老年人   80以上   女(雌)性   人类   男(雄)性  

摘要： In 3 experiments, auditory massed repetition was used to examine age-related differences in habituation by means of the verbal transformation paradigm. Participants heard 10 words (5 high frequency and 5 low frequency), each presented 180 times, and they reported perceived changes in the repeated words (verbal transformations). In these experiments, alder adults reported fewer illusory percepts than young adults. Older adults' loss of auditory acuity and slowing of processing, stimulus degradation (in young adults), and instructions biasing the report of these illusory percepts did not account for the fewer illusory percepts reported by the older adults. These findings suggest that older adults' reduced susceptibility to habituation arises from centrally located declines in the transmission of information within the word-recognition pathway. The discussion focuses on the implications that these age-related declines may have on word identification during on-line speech perception.

关键词： 脑/生理学   神经生理学   知觉/生理学   心理物理学   感觉/生理学   动物  

关键词： 声学   随访研究   习惯化   心理生理学   助听器   听觉过敏/并发症   听觉过敏/康复   听觉过敏/治疗   时间因素   耳鸣/并发症   成年人   女(雌)性   人类   男(雄)性   中年人  

摘要： BACKGROUND:Patients with tinnitus very often suffer from hyperacusis also. METHODS AND PATIENTS:In the present study a possible treatment for patients with bilateral hyperacusis is introduced and the therapeutical results of 41 patients suffering from bilateral hyperacusis combined with a uni- or bilateral tinnitus are discussed. Twenty-one of them also had a cochlear hearing loss. By means of white noise generators or hearing aids and a specific acoustic training the auditory input to the central nervous system was increased. All patients were taught a method to reduce stress (Progressive muscle relaxation according to Jacobson). Uncomfortable loudness levels were analysed before as well as 3 weeks and 6 months after beginning of the treatment. RESULTS:By the time of 3 weeks the discomfort from ordinary sounds was distinctly reduced and the reduction progressed further after 6 months of treatment. In more than 50% of the participants the uncomfortable loudness levels could be raised to a normal range. Interestingly the improvement of hyperacusis was independent of an existing hearing loss. CONCLUSIONS:The described method of treatment seems to be helpful for patients with hyperacusis and will be compared to other therapeutical regimes.

关键词： 全体教工   院校   法国   神经生理学   快乐-痛苦原则   物质相关性障碍/病理生理学   人类  

关键词： 焦虑症   心理生理学   模拟应激   临床疗效  

摘要： 目的 :探讨焦虑症患者心理生理学指标的特点。方法 :对 31例焦虑症患者和 2 3名健康志愿者应用多导电生理仪对模拟应激前后的心理生理学指标进行检测 ,并在治疗 1月后复查。结果 :焦虑症患者的心率及低频峰功率显著高于对照组 ,其心理生理学指标在治疗前后无显著性差别 ;低频峰功率与高频峰功率比值 (静息状态 )、脉搏图血流量面积变化 (模拟应激前后 )与HAMA分数变化呈负相关。结论 :焦虑症患者存在交感神经系统功能亢进 ,可能是一种特性标志 。

关键词： 人类小脑   序列手指运动   功能磁共振   神经生理学  

关键词： 事故   交通/统计学和数值数据   急性病   适应   心理学   觉醒   血压   心率   前瞻性研究   精神病状态评定量表   心理生理学   危险因素   应激障碍   创伤后/病因学   应激障碍   创伤后/病理生理学   应激障碍   创伤后/心理学   应激   心理学/病理生理学   幸存患者/统计学和数值数据   创伤严重度指数   青少年   成年人   女(雌)性   人类   男(雄)性   中年人  

摘要： This study investigated the role of acute arousal in the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Hospitalized motor-vehicle-accident survivors (n = 146) were assessed for acute stress disorder (ASD) within 1 month of the trauma and were reassessed (n = 113) for PTSD 6 months posttrauma. Heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were assessed on the day of hospital discharge. Participants with subclinical ASD had higher HR than those with ASD and no ASD. Participants who developed PTSD had higher HR in the acute posttrauma phase than those without PTSD. Diagnosis of ASD and resting HR accounted for 36% of the variance of the number of PTSD symptoms. A formula composed of a diagnosis of ASD or a resting HR of >90 beats per minute possessed strong sensitivity (88%) and specificity (85%) in predicting PTSD. These findings are discussed in terms of acute arousal and longer term adaptation to trauma.

关键词： 年龄因素   诊断   计算机辅助   环境污染/预防和控制   健康促进   卫生学   神经心理学测验   心理生理学   卫生措施   性别因素   青少年   儿童   女(雌)性   人类   男(雄)性  

摘要： Computer technologies were used to develop new hygienic technologies of the activities of civil service in providing sanitary and epidemiological well-being to the population, to devise methods for evaluating and predicting the influence of environmental factors on human health. The specific developmental features of the psychophysiological status in schoolchildren were revealed in relation to their age, sex, the hygienic schooling and living conditions, which may substantiate a package of goal-oriented measures for health promotion and preservation in children.