关键词： 脑/生理学   认知/生理学   语言学   心理生理学   人类  

关键词： NMDA-receptor antagonists   pain transmission   opioid tolerance   central sensitization   allodynia   hyperalgesia   neuropathy  

摘要： Pain is detected by two different types of peripheral nociceptor neurons, C-fiber nociceptors with slowly conducting unmyelinated axons, and A-delta nociceptors with thinly myelinated axons. During inflammation, nociceptors become sensitized, discharge spontaneously, and produce ongoing pain. Prolonged firing of C-fiber nociceptors causes release of glutamate which acts on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the spinal cord. Activation of NMDA receptors causes the spinal cord neuron to become more responsive to all of its inputs, resulting in central sensitization. NMDA-receptor antagonists, such as dextromethorphan, can suppress central sensitization in experimental animals. NMDA-receptor activation not only increases the cell's response to pain stimuli, it also decreases neuronal sensitivity to opioid receptor agonists. In addition to preventing central sensitization, co-administration of NMDA-receptor antagonists with an opioid may prevent tolerance to opioid analgesia. J Pain Symptom Mange 2000;19:S2-S6. (C) U.S. Cancer Pain Relief Committee, 2000.

关键词： 适应   生理学/药物作用   适应   心理学/药物作用   情绪/药物作用   印度/人种学   学习/药物作用   植物提取物/投药和剂量   植物提取物/药理学   心理生理学   俄罗斯   片剂   青少年   人类  

摘要： The effect of rhodaxon, an adaptogen preparation based on the Rhodiola rosea extract, upon the physical and intellectual working capacity and psychoemotional state of foreign students during their study in a Russian high school was evaluated. It was established that rhodaxon administration provided increase in the amount of veloergometric work accomplished and reliably increased the kinesthesiometric sensitivity. The drug also lead to marked increased in the general condition and a decrease in the level of psychic fatigue and situational anxiety. On the whole, the pharmacological properties of the rhodaxon preparation studied coincided with those reported for the gold root extract. The fact that the rhodaxon preparation contains no ethyl alcohol extends possibilities of the clinical administration of the new preparation.

关键词： 神经系统-人体解剖学 人体生理学：神经生理学  

ISBN: (纸本)7810349813

关键词： 适应   心理学   回避学习   牙科治疗焦虑/诊断   牙科治疗焦虑/心理学   牙科医疗/心理学   习惯化   心理生理学   青少年   成年人   老年人   女(雌)性   人类   男(雄)性   中年人  

摘要： From the literature, it is increasingly apparent that dentally anxious individuals are not a homogeneous group and that the development and maintenance of dental anxiety are complex phenomena. In this study, individuals who had avoided dental treatment in the past due to fear but were no longer fearful were compared with others who had avoided and were still fearful on a number of demographic, experiential, and attitudinal variables under the assumption that avoidance is likely to prevent the emotional processing of dental anxiety. The groups differed markedly in their experience of dentistry;anxious avoiders were more likely to have experienced more invasive and less noninvasive dental treatment;they feared pain more and were more negative about dentistry than those whose anxiety had remitted. In addition, the remitted avoiders were less likely to claim frightening or embarrassing dental experiences as well as being less reactive to these experiences than the others.

关键词： 日常生活活动   衰老/生理学   共病现象   消化生理学   胃肠疾病/诊断   胃肠疾病/治疗   老年人身心健康评价   卫生服务/利用   老年人   老年人   80以上   人类  

摘要： As the population ages, physicians will care for increasing numbers of older patients. Promoting independence is a major goal of care. Gastrointestinal dysfunction is often caused by chronic disease, medications, and lifestyle exposures, rather than to age alone. A useful approach to the older patient focuses on maintaining function and avoiding complications.

关键词： 磁共振成像   神经生理学   嗅通路/生理学   嗅通路/放射性核素显像   嗅觉/生理学   体层摄影术   发射型计算机   体层摄影术   发射型计算机   单光子   成年人   女(雌)性   人类   男(雄)性   中年人  

摘要： Few articles on neuroimaging techniques in the study of central and peripheral olfactory pathways are present in the literature. By Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), cortical perfusion increment after sensorial stimulation can be evaluated objectively. In the present research, 10 healthy adults underwent SPECT by ***.96 cel-ebr nl tomograph, before and after olfactory stimulation with lavender-water. A variable degree of cortical activation was detected in all patients. Gyrus rectus (+24.5%), orbito-frontal cortex (right +26.6%, left +25.6%), and superior temporal (right +9.9%, left +5.5%) cortical was were always activated A slight perfusion increase was present in middle temporal (right +3.2%, left +2.1%) and parieto-occipital (right +0.4%, left +2%) regions. Five patients affected by posttraumatic anosmia were also investigated they showed a perfusion increment markedly inferior to 0.5% in every olfactory area. SPECT is a rather diffused, easily performed technique which yields objective semi-quantitative information on brain perfusion. Hence, it can be regarded as a promising contribution in the fields of smell neurophysiology, clinical olfactometry, and medicolegal queries.

关键词： 音乐/心理学   心理生理学   信号处理   计算机辅助/仪器和设备   女(雌)性   人类   男(雄)性   中年人  

摘要： EEG was recorded from 16 electrodes (International 10-20 System) in 14 healthy volunteers aged from 18 to 45 in the state of rest and during listening to music (popular classical symphonic pieces). The EEG spectral analysis was carried out. Presentation of musical pieces increased the EEG spectral power in the alpha-range in the parietal and occipital areas of both hemispheres. During repeated listening of the same musical fragment there was a tendency for attenuation of these changes. A significant decrease in the peak frequency of the alpha-band was found in the process of listening. The spectral values did not significantly differ between the left and right hemispheres. The findings suggest a decrease in the level of CNS activation under the influence of music.

关键词： functional MRI   partial epilepsy   evoked potentials   cognitive neurophysiology  

摘要： The ability to trigger functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) acquisitions related to the occurrence of LEG-based physiologic transients has changed the field of fMRI into a more dynamically based technique. By knowing the temporal relationship between focal increases in neuronal firing rates and the provoked focal increase in blood flow, investigators are able to maximize the fMR-linked images that show where the activity originates. Our mastery of recording EEG inside the bore of a MR scanner has also allowed us to develop cognitive paradigms that record not only the fMR BOLD images, but also the evoked potentials (EPs). The EPs can subsequently be subjected to localization paradigms that can be compared to the localization seen on the BOLD images. These two techniques will most probably be complimentary. BOLD responses are dependent on a focal increase in metabolic demand while the EPs may or may not be related to energy demand increases. Additionally, recording EPs require that the source or sources of that potential come from an area that is able to generate far-field potentials. These potentials are related to the laminar organization of the neuronal population generating that potential. As best we know the BOLD response does not depend on any inherent laminar neuronal organization. Therefore, by merging these two recording methods, it is likely that we will gain a more detailed understanding of not only the areas involved in certain physiologic events, e,g, focal epilepsy or cognitive processing, but also on the sequencing of the activation of the various participating regions.

关键词： 觉知/生理学   性力/生理学   性欲高潮/生理学   心理生理学   性行为/生理学   性功能障碍   心理性/诊断   性功能障碍   心理性/病理生理学   性功能障碍   心理性/心理学   女(雌)性   人类  

摘要： Clarification of women's sexual response during long-term relationships is needed. I have presented a model that more accurately depicts the responsive component of women's desire and the underlying motivational forces that trigger it. The variety of arousal/orgasm responses is also acknowledged. The purpose is both to prevent diagnosing dysfunction when the response is simply different from the traditional human sex-response cycle and to more clearly define subgroups of dysfunction. The latter would appear to be necessary before progress in newer treatment modalities, including pharmacological, can be made.