关键词： functional MRI   partial epilepsy   evoked potentials   cognitive neurophysiology  

摘要： The ability to trigger functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) acquisitions related to the occurrence of LEG-based physiologic transients has changed the field of fMRI into a more dynamically based technique. By knowing the temporal relationship between focal increases in neuronal firing rates and the provoked focal increase in blood flow, investigators are able to maximize the fMR-linked images that show where the activity originates. Our mastery of recording EEG inside the bore of a MR scanner has also allowed us to develop cognitive paradigms that record not only the fMR BOLD images, but also the evoked potentials (EPs). The EPs can subsequently be subjected to localization paradigms that can be compared to the localization seen on the BOLD images. These two techniques will most probably be complimentary. BOLD responses are dependent on a focal increase in metabolic demand while the EPs may or may not be related to energy demand increases. Additionally, recording EPs require that the source or sources of that potential come from an area that is able to generate far-field potentials. These potentials are related to the laminar organization of the neuronal population generating that potential. As best we know the BOLD response does not depend on any inherent laminar neuronal organization. Therefore, by merging these two recording methods, it is likely that we will gain a more detailed understanding of not only the areas involved in certain physiologic events, e,g, focal epilepsy or cognitive processing, but also on the sequencing of the activation of the various participating regions.

关键词： 觉知/生理学   性力/生理学   性欲高潮/生理学   心理生理学   性行为/生理学   性功能障碍   心理性/诊断   性功能障碍   心理性/病理生理学   性功能障碍   心理性/心理学   女(雌)性   人类  

摘要： Clarification of women's sexual response during long-term relationships is needed. I have presented a model that more accurately depicts the responsive component of women's desire and the underlying motivational forces that trigger it. The variety of arousal/orgasm responses is also acknowledged. The purpose is both to prevent diagnosing dysfunction when the response is simply different from the traditional human sex-response cycle and to more clearly define subgroups of dysfunction. The latter would appear to be necessary before progress in newer treatment modalities, including pharmacological, can be made.

关键词： 儿童发育/生理学   消化生理学   婴儿   早产   敏感性与特异性   吸吮行为   体重增长   女(雌)性   人类   婴儿   婴儿   新生   男(雄)性  

摘要： OBJECTIVE: To determine the importance of non-nutritive sucking (NNS) in the development of gastrointestinal function and growth in premature infants. DATA SOURCES: A systematic computerized search of MEDLINE, the Cumulative Index of Nursing in Allied Health Literature, Health, Best Evidence, and the Cochrane Library was performed. STUDY SELECTION: The search yielded eight randomized controlled studies relative to the outcomes of interest: sucking response, gastric emptying, weight gain, and time to discharge from hospital. DATA EXTRACTION: Relevant articles were selected using published criteria for detecting clinically sound studies and evidence-based information. DATA SYNTHESIS: NNS reduces length of hospitalization; however, its effect on the other variables was inconclusive. CONCLUSION: There is a lack of agreement concerning the outcomes of interest, apart from the positive contribution of early hospital discharge. The studies were methodologically flawed, which compromised validity and estimation of the treatment effect. NNS cannot be currently recommended as a beneficial intervention.

关键词： 声刺激/方法   情绪/生理学   精神声学   心理生理学   言语知觉/生理学   成年人   女(雌)性   人类   男(雄)性  

摘要： The four-dimensional spherical emotional space has been obtained by multi-dimensional scaling of subjective differences between the emotional expressions in sound samples (the words "Yes" and "No" pronounced in different emotional conditions). Euclidean space axes are interpreted as the following neural mechanisms. The first two dimensions are related with the estimation of a sign of emotional condition: the dimension 1--pleasant/unpleasant, useful or not, the dimension 2--an extent of information certainty. The third and the fourth axes are associated with the incentive. The dimension 3 encodes active (anger) or passive (fear) defensive reaction, and the dimension 4 corresponds to achievement. Three angles of four-dimensional hypersphere: the one between the axes 1 and 2, the second between the axes 3 and 4, the third between these two planes determine subjectively experienced emotion characteristics such as described by Vundt emotion modality (pleasure-unpleaure), excitation-quietness-suppression, and tension-relaxation, respectively. Thus, the first and the second angles regulate the modality of ten basic emotions: five emotions determined by a situation and five emotions determined by personal activity. In case of another system of angular parameters (three angles between the axes 4 and 1, 3 and 2, and the angle between the respective planes), another system of emotion classification, which is usually described in the studies of facial expressions (Shlosberg's and Izmaĭlov's circular system) and semantics (Osgood) can be realized: emotion modality or sign (regulates 6 basic emotions), emotion activity or brightness (excitation-rest) and emotion saturation (strength of emotion expression).

关键词： 行为/生理学   脑/生理学   语言   心理生理学   人类  

关键词： 脑/生理学   认知/生理学   预测   语言   神经元可塑性/生理学   神经科学/发展趋势   心理生理学   言语行为/生理学   人类  

关键词： 觉醒/生理学   皮电反应/生理学   想像/生理学   心理过程/生理学   心理生理学   参考值   人类  

摘要： The study was concerned with the question of whether the frequency and the mean amplitude of spontaneous electrodermal fluctuations convey the same information about mental processes. In order to examine this, the content and the personal relevance of induced imaginations was varied experimentally. The experimental manipulations followed a 2 x 2 factorial design for independent groups (content of cells: 24 subjects each). Changes in electrodermal activity were measured as differences between the imagination and a resting phase. Results revealed that the two variables are not exchangeable indicators of mental processes. Although the two variables correlated significantly, they responded differently to the experimental manipulations. The imagination of death-related contents increased the frequency of spontaneous electrodermal fluctuations more than the imagination of neutral contents. High personal relevance enhanced the mean amplitude of these spontaneous fluctuations regardless of the imagined content. Therefore it was concluded that the two variables have something in common but, on the whole, do not depend on identical factors. Frequency of spontaneous electrodermal fluctuations seems to be a reflection of covert orienting processes, whereas their mean amplitude seems to reflect the activity of an appraisal system incorporating goals and past experiences. However, both variables, seem to be, in the same way, dependent on a kind of basal activation or vigilance.

关键词： 认知/生理学   情绪/生理学   免疫系统/生理学   心理生理学   动物   人类  

关键词： 情感/生理学   精神治疗   肿瘤   心理生理学   幸存   人类  

关键词： 行为/生理学   因果律   个体生态学   性别特性   学习   心理生理学   性别因素   性行为/生理学   性行为   动物/生理学   动物   女(雌)性   人类   男(雄)性  

摘要： The various facets of human behaviour can only be reconciled in an empirically supported relationship from an ethological point of view when in addition to proximate causes (causation and ontogeny), ultimate causes (adaptation and phylogeny) are also considered. This will be demonstrated by the following examples: gender differences in behaviour, dominance, love and bonding. This comprehensive biological stance facilitates an understanding of one's own and the other sex.