关键词： 人工智能   神经网络   计算机科学   机器智能   神经生理学   李世石   信息论   综合性学科  

摘要： 人工智能的发展人工智能,也称机器智能。最初于1956年的Dartmouth学会上提出,是计算机科学、控制论、信息论、神经生理学、心理学、语言学等多种学科互相渗透而发展起来的一门综合性学科。人工智能真正被关注是2016年3月9—15日AlphaGo与李世石的围棋大战,使人工智能从科学技术走进了大众视野。人工智能发展的另外一个原因是神经网络。在过去十几年里一直有科学家研究神经网络,但大部分都不成功。直到2012年,加拿大的一位教授提出一种方法,能够使我们训练复杂的神经网络,后来通过参加比赛把人工智能水平大大推进,由此进入人工智能爆炸式增长阶段。可以说,现在所有的进步来源于当时的突破。

关键词： 脑神经科学   神经心理学   计算机断层扫描术   神经生理学   神经心理测试   教育生物学   生长发育阶段   动物实验  

摘要： 教育生物学(bio-education),是从生物学、神经生理学、神经心理学、脑神经科学的角度研究人类教育现象及其一般规律的学科。生物科学与教育科学相融合形成的一门交叉学科。其研究对象是人,着重研究处于接受教育和生长发育阶段的儿童和青少年个体及群体。借助生物医学手段,如神经心理测试、神经生物学的动物实验、神经生理学的检查,以及神经影像学的研究,包括脑计算机断层扫描术(CT)、脑电图(EEG),脑磁共振(MRI)、功能性磁共振(fMRI)、正电子扫描(PET)等,研究人体和人脑的本体结构及其发生发展以及人体和人脑的功能,包括学习、记忆、注意、认知、情感、创造、社会性等大脑活动的奥秘,并将科学研究成果广泛地应用于人类的教育实践。这些方法和技术在教育教学中的应用效果可以通过以生物医学客观指标变化为依据的检验,从而摒除既往评价标准的主观性。

关键词： 针灸   神经系统   取穴规律   神经生理学   神经节段  

摘要： 目的:回顾并整合适宜病种针灸治疗方案的现有证据,探讨神经节段效应对穴位作用规律的影响。方法:选取神经系统的5个针灸优势病种(面神经麻痹、脑卒中吞咽障碍、贝尔面瘫、偏头痛、三叉神经痛),运用临床流行病学和循证医学的方法对收录文献进行分析,统计整理符合纳入标准的文献的穴位使用频次、相关经脉归属、局部解剖特征,对针灸治疗适宜病种的取穴规律进行初步研究。结果:上述适宜病种的针灸临床取穴涉及几十个乃至上百个穴位,多依靠个人经验;通过对上述疾病的循证研究发现,常用穴位有90%与调节器官有密不可分的神经生物学联系,针刺穴位与调节对象处于相同或相关的神经节段支配区时能够获得更好疗效;少部分穴位与相关神经节段之间无密切的神经解剖及生理学联系。结论:腧穴的主治范围主要是由相关神经节段的支配空间决定的,针刺的节段性及整体性效应可作为取穴理论的有力补充。

关键词： 脑神经细胞   神经生理学   科学用脑   大脑   衰老退化   科学家  

摘要： 人的大脑储备雄厚,蕴藏着极大的潜力。据从事神经生理学研究的科学家们估算:人的大脑在一般情况下,大约只有百分之十几的神经细胞在进行工作,其余都处于"休息"状态。科学家们指出:人的大脑训练和使用的越少,脑神经细胞衰老退化速度越快,所以,科学地用脑不仅可以保护大脑.

关键词： Nutritional performance   Plant resistance   Rice cultivar   Trogoderma granarium   SITOTROGA-CEREALELLA LEPIDOPTERA   KHAPRA BEETLE   NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGY   AMYLOLYTIC ACTIVITY   LIFE-HISTORY   PROTEIN   BIOLOGY   TENEBRIONIDAE   RESISTANCE   NOCTUIDAE  

摘要： The Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), is one of the economic pests infesting many stored cereals in the world. The effects of six commercial rice, Oryza sativa L. cultivars including Hashemi, Shiroodi, Gilane, Khazar, Ali Kazemi and Domsiah were evaluated on nutritional indices and digestive enzymatic activity of fifth instar T. granarium at controlled conditions (33 +/- 1 degrees C, relative humidity of 65 +/- 5%, and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h). Fifth instar larvae consumed more food when reared on Gilane, and less food when reared on Khazar and Ali Kazemi. The larvae fed with Khazar had the lowest weight gain, efficiency of conversion of ingested food and growth index. The relative growth rate was the highest when larvae were fed with Gilane and lowest when they were fed with Khazar. The highest midgut proteolytic and amylolytic activities of larvae were on Gilane. However, the lowest proteolytic activity was on Khazar and the lowest amylolytic activity was on Khazar and Ali Khazemi. According to the obtained results, Khazar is an unsuitable cultivar for feeding and growth of T. granarium. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： ALPHA-RHYTHM   SLEEP   SPIKE   STIMULATION   EEG   POTENTIALS   ACTIVATION   DISORDERS   COMPONENT   EPILEPSY  

关键词： basal ganglia   dopamine   inhibitory gating   motivation   reward   self-injurious behavior   SELF-INJURIOUS-BEHAVIOR   RECEPTOR-MEDIATED RESPONSES   FRONTAL CORTICAL ABLATIONS   BASAL GANGLIA CIRCUITS   PREFRONTAL CORTEX   NEURONAL-ACTIVITY   CAUDATE NEURONS   SINGLE-UNIT   NUCLEUS-ACCUMBENS   SUBSTANTIA-NIGRA  

摘要： An important goal of this review is highlighting research in neuroscience as examples of multilevel functional and anatomical analyses addressing basic science issues and applying results to the understanding of diverse disorders. The research of Dr. Michael Levine, a leader in neuroscience, exemplifies this approach by uncovering fundamental properties of basal ganglia function and translating these findings to clinical applications. The review focuses on neurophysiological research connecting results from in vitro and in vivo recording. A second goal is to utilize these research connections to produce novel, accurate descriptions for corticostriatal processing involved in varied, complex functions. Medium spiny neurons in striatum act as integrators combining input with baseline activity creating motivational "events." Basic research on corticostriatal synapses is described and links developed to issues with clinical relevance such as inhibitory gating, self-injurious behavior, and relative reward valuation. Work is highlighted on dopamine-glutamate interactions. Individual medium spiny neurons express both D-1 and D(2 )receptors and encode information in a bivalent manner depending upon the mix of receptors involved. Current work on neurophysiology of reward processing has taken advantage of these basic approaches at the cellular and molecular levels. Future directions in studying physiology of reward processing and action sequencing could profit by incorporating the divergent ways dopamine modulates incoming neurochemical signals. Primary investigators leading research teams should mirror Mike Levine's efforts in "climbing the mountain" of scientific inquiry by performing analyses at different levels of inquiry, integrating the findings, and building comprehensive answers to problems unsolvable without this bold approach.

关键词： Sleep   adolescence   depressive symptoms   neurophysiology   SLOW-WAVE ACTIVITY   SPINDLE ACTIVITY   NREM SLEEP   GENDER-DIFFERENCES   CES-D   EEG   CHILDREN   SEX   ADULTS   RISK  

摘要： Background Depression is highly prevalent among adolescents, and depressive symptoms rise rapidly during early adolescence. Depression is often accompanied by subjective sleep complaints and alterations in sleep neurophysiology. In this study, we examine whether depressive symptoms, measured on a continuum, are associated with subjective and objective (sleep architecture and neurophysiology) measures of sleep in early adolescence. Methods High-density sleep EEG, actigraphy, and self-reported sleep were measured in 52 early adolescents (12.31 years; SD: 1.121; 25 female). Depressive symptoms were measured on a continuum using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). The association between depressive symptoms and 2 weeks of actigraphy, self-reported sleep, sleep architecture, and sleep neurophysiology (slow wave activity and sigma power) was determined via multiple linear regression with factors age, sex, and pubertal status. Results Despite no association between polysomnography measures of sleep quality and depressive symptoms, individuals with more depressive symptoms manifested worse actigraphically measured sleep. Less sleep spindle activity, as reflected in nonrapid eye movement sleep sigma power, was associated with more depressive symptoms over a large cluster encompassing temporal, parietal, and occipital regions. Furthermore, worse subjectively reported sleep quality was also associated with less sigma power over these same areas. Puberty, age, and sex did not impact this association. Conclusions Sleep spindles have been hypothesized to protect sleep against environmental disturbances. Thus, diminished spindle power may be a subtle sign of disrupted sleep and its association with depressive symptoms in early adolescence may signal vulnerability for depression.

关键词： Excitability   Motoneuron   Persistent Inward Currents  

摘要： Through a series of three experiments, Souron and colleagues examined the effect of prolonged Achilles' tendon LV (30 min, 100 Hz) on presynaptic Ia afferent inhibition, neurotransmitter release at the level of the Ia -motoneuron synapse, and intrinsic motoneuron excitability, respectively. The bout of prolonged LV resulted in decreased amplitude of thoracic motor evoked potentials (TMEPs) and thus decreased motoneuron excitability, suggesting intrinsic changes to the motoneuron pool. The authors proposed that decreased motoneuron excitability could be related to a reduced strength of persistent inward currents (PICs) in the spinal motoneurons. Changes in intrinsic motoneuron excitability following prolonged LV could have significant applications for pathological conditions accompanied by motoneuron hyperexcitability. [Extracted from the article]