关键词： 生理学   心理学   兴趣   迁移  

关键词： 疼痛/病理生理学   心理生理学   应激   生理学/病理生理学   动物   人类   婴儿   新生  

摘要： Neonatal intensive care exposes preterm neonates to a series of repeated, randomly occurring invasive procedures and handling, resulting in acute pain, chronic pain, and prolonged stress during a critical window associated with epochal brain development. Characteristics of the immature pain system in preterm neonates (such as a low pain threshold, prolonged periods of windup, overlapping receptive fields, immature descending inhibition) predisposes them to greater clinical and behavioral sequelae from inadequately treated pain than older age groups. Evidence for developmental plasticity in the neonatal brain suggests that repetitive painful experiences during this period or prolonged exposure to analgesic drugs may alter neuronal and synaptic organization permanently. Traditionally, clinicians have chosen the perspective that routine use of analgesic or sedative drugs in preterm neonates may create more problems than minimal therapy. However, the immediate and long-term consequences of inadequately treated pain have forced them to reconsider the risk-benefit ratios for such therapy. Whereas the short-term consequences of prolonged analgesic therapy in human neonates are well-known (tolerance, withdrawal, ventilator dependency), long-term consequences are relatively unknown. Advances in the study of repetitive pain associated with routine NICU care have challenged the perspective that prolonged pain and stress were inevitable consequences of premature birth.

关键词： 辨别(心理学)   习惯化   心理生理学   婴儿   新生/心理学   模式识别   视觉   知觉闭合   光刺激/方法   人类  

摘要： We report a series of ten experiments aimed to investigate the newborn's ability to discriminate the components of a visual pattern and to process the visual information that specifies the global configuration of a stimulus. The results reveal that: (i) newborn babies are able to distinguish individual elements of a stimulus (experiments 1A, 1B, 1C, and 1D);(ii) they can group individual elements into a holistic percept on the basis of Gestalt principles (experiments 2A and 3A);(iii) their spontaneous preferences cannot be easily modified by habituation (experiments 2B and 3B);and (iv) when horizontal stimuli are paired with vertical stimuli, they prefer the horizontal ones (experiments 4A and 4B).

关键词： 虐待儿童   性/心理学   胃肠疾病/病理生理学   胃肠疾病/心理学   肌疾病/病理生理学   肌疾病/心理学   骨盆底/病理生理学   心理生理学   时间因素   青少年   儿童   女(雌)性   人类   男(雄)性  

关键词： 脑/解剖学和组织学   脑/生理学   情绪/生理学   心理生理学   内脏传入神经/生理学   动物   人类  

摘要： The bi-directional communication between limbic regions and the viscera play a central role in the generation and expression of emotional responses and associated emotional feelings. The response of different viscera to distinct, emotion-specific patterns of autonomic output is fed back to the brain, in particular to the cingulofrontal convergence region. Even though this process unfolds largely without conscious awareness, it plays an important role in emotional function and may influence rational decision making in the healthy individual. Alterations in this bi-directional process such as peripheral pathologies within the gut or alterations at the brain level may explain the close association between certain affective disorders and functional visceral syndromes.

关键词： 认知   个性   心理过程   模型   心理学   职业病/心理学   心理生理学   应激   心理学/心理学   工作负荷量/心理学   人类  

关键词： Animals   Association   Brain   Humans   Memory   Temporal Lobe  

摘要： How do the structures of the medial temporal lobe contribute to memory? To address this question, we examine the neurophysiological correlates of both recognition and associative memory in the medial temporal Lobe of humans, monkeys, and rats. These cross-species comparisons show that the patterns of mnemonic activity observed throughout the medial temporal lobe are largely conserved across species, Moreover, these findings show that neurons in each of the medial temporal lobe areas can perform both similar as well as distinctive mnemonic functions, In some cases, similar patterns of mnemonic activity are observed across all structures of the medial temporal lobe, In the majority of cases, however, the hippocampal formation and surrounding cortex signal mnemonic information in distinct, but complementary ways.

关键词： 脑/生理学   摄食行为/生理学   心理生理学   动物   人类  

关键词： 脑/解剖学和组织学   脑/生理学   脑图   心理生理学   动物   人类  

关键词： 脑/病理生理学   心理生理学   应激   生理学/病理生理学   动物   人类