关键词： 镇痛药   阿片类/药理学   脑/病理学   脑/病理生理学   神经通路/病理学   神经通路/病理生理学   阿片样肽类/生理学   疼痛/病理生理学   心理生理学   动物   人类  

摘要： To summarize, although there are multiple potential target nuclei for modulating pain transmission and several candidate efferent pathways that exert modulatory control, the most completely described pain modulating circui..t includes the amygdala, PAG, DLPT and RVM in the brainstem. Through descending projections, this circuit controls both spinal and trigeminal dorsal horn pain transmission neurons and mediates both opioid and stimulation produced analgesia. Several different neurotransmitters are involved in the modulatory actions of this circuit, which exerts bi- directional control of pain through On cells that facilitate and Off cells that inhibit dorsal horn nociceptive neurons. There is evidence that this circuit contributes to analgesia in humans and may be activated by acute stress or the expectation of relief. Conversely, through the facilitating effect of On cells, this circuit is theoretically capable of generating or enhancing perceived pain intensity. Such an effect could provide a physiological mechanism for the pain enhancing actions of mood, attention and expectation.

关键词： 雄激素类/治疗应用   女性交媾困难/药物疗法   雌激素替代疗法   绝经后期/心理学   心理生理学   性激素结合球蛋白/分析   性行为/药物作用   性行为/心理学   女(雌)性   人类  

摘要： Investigators continue to define the exact relationship between sexual function and changes in hormonal status during menopause. The availability of different preparations that could replace estrogens and androgens has led to many studies of the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for sexual dysfunction. Dyspareunia due to vaginal dryness appears to be most responsive to estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) via restoration of vaginal cells, pH, and blood flow. Progestins, to a certain extent, can oppose these changes and lead to a recurrence of dryness and dyspareunia. ERT has also been reported to enhance sexual desire in a significant percent of women. Although treatment with ERT has been shown to be efficacious for many women, there are others whose sexual difficulties remain unresponsive. There also appears to be a significant subgroup of women whose sexual difficulties respond initially to ERT but who subsequently revert to their initial problems, especially when the problem has been loss of libido. For these women, the addition of androgen has proved helpful.

关键词： 青春期   心理学,医学   心理生理学  

摘要： 为了加强中学生心理健康教育,促进学生的素质教育,了解中学生青春期心理状况是非常必要的.我们于1998年6月对我市15～17岁900名中学生进行了青春期性心理状况调查,现将结果报道如下.

关键词： 氨基酸类/代谢   脑/代谢   膳食/心理学   膳食碳水化合物/代谢   膳食蛋白质类/代谢   心理生理学   动物   人类  

摘要： While many of the above examples support a role of these dietary components in modifying the synthesis, storage, release and actions of various neurotransmitter molecules in the central nervous system, most of the responses to eating everyday foods are expected to produce subtle changes in physiological and/or behavioral parameters. However, the observed subtle changes may have significant consequences when present in individuals with altered homeostasis as might be present in various disease states or certain environmental situations (e.g. depression, PMS, stress). Studies in the future should investigate the effects of various diets, e.g., vegetarian, macrobiotic, traditional Eastern, etc. on physiological and psychological functioning. Care should be taken to differentiate between the responses of subgroups of subjects, e.g. male vs. female, old vs. young, and lean vs. obese, as some differences in the rate of neurotransmitter synthesis and receptor dynamics have been reported in some studies. Chronic consumption of these diets may lead to long-term alterations in the neurotransmitter systems' dynamics, or as is often the situation with long-term pharmacological treatments, may result in adaptive changes to minimize the acute effects of such treatments. To date, no such studies have been performed that have systematically addressed many of these issues. Future studies will require careful design so as to enhance the chances of detecting such alterations in function. However, the most significant alterations in function occur when a dietary component is administered in a purified form, separate from the normal diet. In this case the compound should be treated more like a pharmacological agent than a nutrient since adverse (i.e. antinutritive) effects may result. The most difficult studies however will use everyday foods with the aim of detecting changes based on the underlying biochemical changes.

关键词： Humans   Neoplasms/physiopathology*   Nervous System Diseases/complications   Nervous System Diseases/etiology   Nociceptors/physiology   Pain, Intractable/drug therapy   Pain, Intractable/physiopathology*   Peripheral Nervous System/physiology   Spinal Cord/physiology   Syndrome   Viscera/pathology  

摘要： Background: Recent basic science research has greatly added to our knowledge of pain mechanisms. Application of this knowledge to cancer pain syndromes has led to new and innovative approaches to cancer pain management. Methods: The mechanisms involved in the three main cancer pain syndromes (somatic, visceral, and neuropathic) are reviewed, and various therapeutic options are discussed. Results: Advances in knowledge in neurophysiology, neuroanatomy, and pharmacology have allowed a greater understanding of the peripheral and central mechanisms of pain. New drugs and interventional techniques based on this knowledge have improved the control of cancer pain. Conclusions: Understanding the neurophysiology of cancer pain promotes use of the most appropriate palliative measures for pain control.

关键词： 心血管疾病/病理生理学   抑郁症/病理生理学   心理生理学   应激   生理学/病理生理学   动物   人类  

关键词： 佛教/心理学   沉思/方法   沉思/心理学   心理生理学   西藏[自治区]   人类  

摘要： The Tibetan Buddhist classification of mind, its divisions and the system of mediation practices aimed at achieving ideal states of being are a complex presentation of psychological, behavioral and spiritual concepts and processes that demand thorough understanding before assessing their value and outcome (Yeshe, 1995). It is the authors' belief that with the rapid advances in the neuroscience of mental processes, both scientist and Tibetan practitioner can benefit from each other's knowledge and experience to enhance our search for greater understanding of the relationship between mind, body and spirit.

关键词： 行政管理人员/心理学   行政管理人员/统计学和数值数据   军事人员/心理学   军事人员/统计学和数值数据   职业/统计学和数值数据   人格/生理学   心理学   社会   心理生理学   俄罗斯   社会环境   社会工作/统计学和数值数据   学生/心理学   学生/统计学和数值数据   青少年   成年人   女(雌)性   人类   男(雄)性   中年人  

关键词： 神经-生物  

ISBN: (纸本)7030073975

关键词： 立体视觉   神经生理学   心理物理学  

摘要： 1838年Wheatstone发明了立体镜使人看到了深度景观并发现了双眼视差,从而揭开了双眼的奥秘,自此开拓了一个崭新的空间视觉研究领域.一个半多世纪以来,立体视觉研究一直是一个十分活跃的领域,60年代双眼驱动细胞的发现及计算机产生的随机点立体图对为立体视觉研究带来了一场革命[1],近40年来,立体视觉研究在心理物理和神经生理学方面均取得了令人瞩目的进展,本文将就近年来立体视觉机制的研究进展作一综述.