关键词： 情感/药物作用   厌烦   中枢神经系统刺激剂/药理学   右苯丙胺/药理学   多巴胺摄取抑制剂/药理学   探究行为/药物作用   探究行为/生理学   人格   人格试验   心理生理学   惊吓反应/药物作用   成年人   女(雌)性   人类   男(雄)性  

摘要： The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between measures of novelty and sensation seeking and both psychophysiological and subjective measures of stimulation after a pharmacological challenge with an indirect dopamine agonist, ct-amphetamine. Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex and subjective responses were assessed after the challenge. The results indicated that the Novelty Seeking scale of the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ;M. Zuckerman, 1994). TPQ was a significant predictor of lower PPI and greater subjective stimulation. The Disinhibition scale of the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS;M. Zuckerman, S. B. G. Eysenck, Br M. J. Eysenck, 1978) moderated the effects of amphetamine on stimulation and elation, whereas the Boredom Susceptibility and Experience Seeking subscales of the SSS moderated subjective stimulation. These findings indicate that higher scores on novelty and sensation seeking correspond to heightened sensitivity to the effects of a stimulant medication.

关键词： 自主神经系统/生理学   运动神经元/生理学   肌/神经支配   肌/代谢   肌/病理生理学   神经元可塑性   神经元/生理学   疼痛感受器/生理学   疼痛/代谢   疼痛/病理生理学   周围神经/生理学   交感神经系统/病理生理学   增量调节   动物   人类  

摘要： This paper describes many of the processes that exist for upregulation of the nociceptice system in response to tissue injury. The processes of peripheral and central sensitization are described. Potential interactions between the nociceptive, motor and autonomic systems are considered. The potential for psychosocial factors to influence neuroplasticity within the nociceptive system is also discussed. (C) 1999 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.

关键词： 饮酒/心理学   中枢神经系统抑制药/药理学   乙醇/药理学   心理生理学   奖励   迷走神经/生理学   成年人   人类   男(雄)性  

摘要： Research was conducted to evaluate the influence of acute alcohol consumption on vagal regulation of heart rate, Nine men with histories of polydrug use participated in this residential study. On 5 separate days, they drank liquids consisting of cold water (on 2 days), a moderate dose of alcohol (0.64 g/kg), a high dose of alcohol (1.12 g/kg), and a placebo. Continuous recordings of heart period were quantified to produce 3 measures of heart rate variability, reflecting the amplitude of 3 neurophysiologically mediated rhythms. Heart period, respiratory rhythm (i.e., respiratory sinus arrhythmia [RSA]), and the 0.06-0.10-Hz vasomotor rhythm were significantly lower during the high alcohol dose condition, relative to the placebo and water conditions. Because the neural regulation of the heart by the vagus contributes to these variables, these findings suggest that alcohol reduces cardiac vagal tone. In support of this explanation, alcohol also decreased the coupling between changes in heart period and changes in RSA. This study demonstrated that alcohol produces a dysregulated state in which heart rate is relatively uncoupled from vagal activity.

关键词： 焦虑/分类   焦虑/心理学   二氧化碳/投药和剂量   脱敏作用   心理学   恐惧/心理学   皮电反应   习惯化   心理生理学   心率   惊恐病/化学诱导   惊恐病/心理学   成年人   女(雌)性   人类   男(雄)性  

摘要： The present report extends previous work which has documented two distinct response patterns to repeated presentation of interoceptive cues (using CO2 inhalation) in PD patients [Beck, J. G. & Shipherd, J. C. (1997). Repeated exposure to interoceptive cues: does habituation of fear occur in panic disorder patients? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 551-557]. We were interested in determining if these two patterns of fear habituation and sensitization would be noted in panic-naive individuals who reported high levels of Anxiety Sensitivity. A second aspect of this report examined whether attention to bodily sensations versus to neutral material would impact fear habituation and sensitization. Participants included 43 panic-naive individuals who scored at least 1 standard deviation above norms on the Anxiety Sensitivity Index. Results indicated that 37% of the sample reported habituation of fear, 47% reported fear sensitization and 16% demonstrated relatively stable fear levels across 12 inhalations of CO2 during session 1. The attentional manipulation did not exert a pronounced influence on anxiety, panic symptom severity, skin conductance, or heart rate in either Habituators or Sensitizers during session 2. These results are discussed in light of their relevance in understanding fundamental psychopathological processes underlying Panic Disorder. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： 衰老/心理学   注意力   习惯化   心理生理学   回忆   定向力   模式识别   视觉   参考值   记忆保持力(心理学)   成年人   老年人   女(雌)性   人类   男(雄)性  

摘要： In two experiments, the effects of taxing selective attention processes on the efficiency of working memory processes were considered in relation to normal aging. In both experiments, the presence of task-irrelevant information disrupted the efficiency of working memory processes, and the effect was generally greater for older than for younger adults. The presence of distracting information increased the frequency of intrusion errors in both younger and older adults and of memory-based errors in older adults. These findings suggest that distraction disrupts both the ability to maintain a coherent stream of goal-directed thought and action in younger and older adults and the encoding and retention of relevant information in older adults.

关键词： 习惯化   心理生理学/生理学   神经抑制/生理学   神经生理学/历史   神经科学/历史   动物   历史   20世纪  

关键词： 语言共性   语言习得   语言感知   失语症  

摘要： 当代心理学和生理学的研究为认识语言共性存在的深刻性提供了明晰的视角和确凿的证据 ,这些证据包括 :( 1 )在儿童语言习得方面 ,语言之间的差异微乎其微 ;( 2 )各种语言在语言感知上都有相同的特性 ,如快速性和强制性等等 ;( 3 )从神经语言学的角度来看 ,各种语言都有相同的生理基础 。

关键词： 心绞痛   尿激酶   神经生理学   治疗   激光疗法  

摘要： 本文介绍了顽固性心绞痛(RAP)的分级标准,并就目前国外针对RAP诸多治疗新进展作一综述。

关键词： 臂   乳腺肿瘤/并发症   乳腺肿瘤/病理生理学   电诊断/方法   诱发电位   淋巴水肿/并发症   淋巴水肿/病理生理学   神经病学检查   神经生理学   周围神经系统疾病/诊断   周围神经系统疾病/病因学   女(雌)性   人类   中年人  

摘要： The aim of this study was to identify the nature of the nerve lesions found in patients with neurological complains and with lymphedema occurring after breast cancer treated by surgery and radiotherapy. Twelve patients treated in a specialised centre for lymphology had clinical and neurophysiological examinations. This study found 9 radiation-induced plexopathies, 1 neoplasic plexopathy, 2 carpal tunnel syndromes (one isolated), 1 cervical root disease and 1 normal examination. The radiation-induced plexopathy is characterised by a chronic neurogenic involvement and the presence of (motor and sensory) proximal persistent conduction blocks. This study demonstrated that it is essential to identify with electrodiagnosis the exact nature of the nerve lesion to determine the most appropriate and effective treatment.

关键词： 脑电描记术   心理生理学   睡眠/生理学   惊吓反应/生理学   应激障碍   创伤后/病理生理学   应激障碍   创伤后/心理学   人类  

摘要： Psychophysiological research in trauma-exposed populations has provided objective data supporting the validity of the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnostic concept. Consistent with a conditioning model, PTSD patients show specific increased peripheral physiological responding to audio-visually and imaginally presented stimuli symbolizing or resembling the etiologic traumatic event. PTSD patients respond to startling stimuli with larger autonomic and electromyographic responses, especially under threat conditions. Electroencephalographic event-related potential (ERP) response abnormalities in PTSD include reduced P2 amplitude at high stimulus intensities, impaired P1 habituation, and attenuated P3 amplitude to target auditory stimuli. However, larger P3 and N1 amplitude responses and shorter P3 and N1 latencies have been reported in PTSD subjects in response to trauma-related stimuli. These ERP findings suggest sensory, cognitive, and affective processing abnormalities in PTSD. Polysomnographic sleep studies have revealed increased awakenings, reduced sleep time, and increased motor activity, or in some cases, paradoxical deepening of sleep. There is also evidence for increased phasic eye movement activity during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and disrupted REM continuity in PTSD. Psychophysiological studies are offering valuable insights into the pathophysiology of this important neuropsychiatric condition.