关键词： 消化生理学   胃肠通过试验/生理学   回肠/生理学   蠕动/生理学   敏感性与特异性   人类  

摘要： The "ileal brake" is the primary inhibitory feedback mechanism to control transit of a meal through the gastrointestinal tract in order to optimize nutrient digestion and absorption. Neurohormonal factors mediating this response continue to be identified. Recently, additional brakes that fine-tune transit have been described. When gut traffic control is disrupted, pathologic states characterized by malabsorption and impaired drug bioavailability manifest as diarrhea and malnutrition. An understanding of the importance of these nutrient-triggered brakes provides essential clues to future treatments of chronic diarrhea, malnutrition, and drug malabsorption.

关键词： 氨基酸类/代谢   缺乏症/药物疗法   营养保健品   消化生理学   消化系统/代谢   谷氨酰胺/投药和剂量   谷氨酰胺/缺乏   谷氨酰胺/代谢   小肠/代谢   小肠/生理学   敏感性与特异性   动物   人类   大鼠  

摘要： Glutamine is a nonessential amino acid that can be synthesized from glutamate and glutamic acid by glutamine synthetase. It is the preferred fuel for the small intestine in the rat. Results from animal studies suggest that both glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition and enteral diets may prevent bacterial translocation. This effect may be modulated through the preservation and augmentation of small bowel villus morphology, intestinal permeability, and intestinal immune function. The existing data from studies with humans are less compelling. What, if any, intestinal deficits actually occur during provision of exclusive parenteral nutrition remains unclear. Furthermore, the clinical significance of these changes is largely undefined. Nevertheless, glutamine and glutamine supplementation appear to be important for the normal maintenance of intestinal morphology and function, intestinal adaptation following resection, and prevention of clinical infection related to bacterial translocation. The existing data on the use of parenteral and enteral glutamine for preservation of intestinal morphology and function and prevention of bacterial translocation in humans are reviewed in this article. Pertinent animal data are also described.

关键词： 冲突(心理学)   神入   整体保健   整体护理   护士病人关系   护理理论   疼痛/护理   疼痛/心理学   心理学理论   心理生理学   潜意识(心理学)   人类  

摘要： This article explores the idea that suffering is a key aspect of the healing process. Suffering often manifests itself as 'disease' within the body in the form of physical symptoms. It is posited here that this is the psyche's unconscious way of drawing attention to the inner tension of the conflict of opposites. Whilst this tension is often the seat of discomfort, it also holds the key to the individual's own creative potential, including that of healing. Drawing upon the work of contemporary nursing theorists Margaret Newman, Rosemary Parse, depth psychologists Thomas Moore and James Hillman this article argues that caring and suffering are unnecessarily polarized in nursing. A method of working with symptoms is discussed that honours both the poetics of the suffering and the individual's inclination towards health.

关键词： 声刺激   攻击   行为   动物   条件反射   经典/生理学   情绪/生理学   恐惧/生理学   习惯化   心理生理学   网状结构/生理学   惊吓反应/生理学   动物   大鼠  

摘要： Startle is a fast response to sudden, intense stimuli and probably protects the organism from injury by a predator or by a blow. The acoustic startle response (ASR) of mammals is mediated by a relatively simple neuronal circuit located in the lower brainstem. Neurons of the caudal pontine reticular nucleus (PnC) are key elements of this primary ASR pathway. The ASR in humans and animals has a non-zero baseline, that is, the response magnitude can be increased or decreased by a variety of pathological conditions and experimental manipulations. Therefore, the ASR has been used as a behavioral tool to assess the neuronal basis of behavioral plasticity and to model neuropathological dysfunctions of sensorimotor information processing. Cross-species examples for the increase of the ASR magnitude are sensitization, fear-potentiation and drug-induced enhancement. Examples for the reduction of the ASR magnitude are habituation, prepulse inhibition, drug-induced inhibition and the attenuation by positive affect. This review describes the neuronal basis underlying the mediation of the ASR, as well as the neuronal and neurochemical substrates of different phenomena of enhancement and attenuation of the ASR. It also attempts to elucidate the biological background of these forms of behavioral plasticity. Special emphasis is put on the potential relevance of ASR modulations for the understanding of human psychiatric and neurological diseases. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： 生物转运/生理学   血流速度   消化生理学   自由基清除剂/代谢   胃肠活动/生理学   一氧化氮/代谢   敏感性与特异性   女(雌)性   人类   男(雄)性  

摘要： Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated as a modulator of blood flow, motility, electrolyte and water transport, and the function of endothelial cells, platelets, mast cells, and macrophages within the digestive system. In addition, a number of reports have demonstrated that NO possesses potent anti-inflammatory properties, whereas results from an equally impressive number of studies suggest that NO may promote inflammation-induced cell and tissue dysfunction. Consideration of the physiologic chemistry of NO and its interaction with molecular oxygen and/or superoxide may allow us to identify which of the NO-dependent reactions are important in modulating physiologic and pathophysiologic responses in the gut.

关键词： 行为/生理学   行为   动物/生理学   条件反射   经典/生理学   高级神经活动/生理学   模型   生物学   概率   心理生理学   系统分析   系统论   动物   人类  

摘要： Superior psychical functions (skills) are usually formed in great subjective uncertainty conditions. Because of that exact knowledge of information mechanisms of behavior activity under uncertainty conditions is very importent. Some difficulties of traditional notions (classic behavior act model developed by P. K. Anokhin, systems quantization of behavior) are discussed. The model of probabilitive training allows to describe various training uncertainty conditions, and it operates as the Anokhin model in a specific case. The system-shaping factor in this model is an adaptive result. Afferent synthesis, aim for action, acceptor of the action result and the programme of actions have the traditional senses. Besides those it is proposed to use a concept of probability decision to alter the program of action, as well as an idea of memory buffer (results of search reactions). The organizational features of the functional system of behavior under great uncertainty conditions should be taken into account while specifying the informational mechanism responsible for systems quantization of behavior. The above mechanism can be used for explain the discreteness of an action in the program alteration process when the same quantum of behavior is implemented. These ideas are profitable for systems analysis of superior psychical functions, based on the reflex formation under environmental uncertainty conditions.

关键词： 结肠/神经支配   结肠/病理生理学   结肠疾病   功能性/诊断   结肠疾病   功能性/病因学   结肠疾病   功能性/病理生理学   高级神经活动   神经生理学   预后   危险因素   动物   人类   小鼠  

摘要： Significant recent advances in basic and clinical science have improved our understanding of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Sensory abnormalities, particularly visceral hypersensitivity after sensitizing stimulation, indicate neural dysfunction in patients with IBS. This dysfunction could be mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate or calcium gene-related peptide receptors in the spinal cord. The stress response in the gut is augmented in IBS, which may be related to hypothalamic release of corticotropin-releasing factor. Postinfectious IBS may be related to psychologic factors that allow persistent inflammation. Finally, functional brain imaging has shown augmented central nervous system responses to visceral pain in IBS, particularly in the prefrontal cortex. Low-dose tricyclic antidepressants are useful to control symptoms, and the new serotonin type 3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonists show promise for symptom control.

关键词： 消化生理学   消化系统/细胞学   消化系统/药物作用   表皮生长因子/药理学   表皮生长因子/生理学   眼/细胞学   眼/药物作用   肝/细胞学   肝/药物作用   肝/生理学   黏膜/细胞学   黏膜/药物作用   黏膜/生理学   眼生理学/药物作用   周围神经/细胞学   周围神经/药物作用   周围神经/生理学   皮肤/细胞学   皮肤/药物作用   皮肤生理学/药物作用   动物   人类  

关键词： 条件反射   反射弧   暂时联系   控制论   特异性投射系统   非特异性投射系统   强化  

摘要： １９０３年巴甫洛夫提出了著名的“条件反射学说”，他认为，条件反射形成的机制是大脑皮层上形成了所谓的“暂时联系”的建立。作者在文中分析了现代反射的概念、关于生物接受外来动因和内在动因冲击感受器活动的特性、感觉传入通路和神经化学等方面与巴甫洛夫学说存在分岐，用现代神经生理学理论对条件反射原理作出新的解释。

关键词： 视皮层   光幻视   摄像仪   表面电极   神经生理学   微型电子计算机   中间处理   光电池   丧失视觉   神经外科  

摘要： 为已经完全丧失视觉的盲人再造视觉,在本世纪中叶已经有人进行探索。专家们注意到:绝大多数盲人,虽然不能接受外界景物的光刺激,但产生视觉的大脑视皮层仍是健康的。因此,他们便萌发了直接刺激大脑视觉中枢,让盲人(皮质盲人除外)产生视觉的设想。 40多年前,德国神经外科专家福斯特在病人局麻下施行枕骨板手术时,有意识地刺激了视皮层,结果病人感到有光点出现。当重复刺激同一区域的视皮层时,病人感到在他的视野中心有固定光点存在。后来。