关键词： Esophageal Motility Disorders   Nervous System Diseases  

摘要： Background: The pathology of oesophageal motility disorders is poorly understood. Oesophageal manometry provides only a descriptive assessment of luminal pressure changes. This study applied the investigative methods of the neurophysiologist to gain insight into the pathophysiology of these disorders. Methods: Twelve healthy volunteers and 28 patients with oesophageal motility disorders underwent oesophageal manometry and balloon stimulation studies. Cortical evoked potentials (CEPs) in response to electrical stimulation of the oesophagus and oesophageal motor evoked potentials (MEPs) to transcranial magnetic stimulation of the cerebral cortex were recorded. Results: Only two patients had abnormalities with a primary defect in muscle function. Fifteen had abnormal responses to balloon stimulation with normal CEPs and MEPs, suggesting a defect in the intrinsic nerves of the oesophagus. Five with achalasia did not respond to balloon stimulation and had abnormal CEPs and MEPs, suggesting widespread neural defects. The remainder had a variety of abnormal responses suggesting possible defects in receptor sensitivity, central processing or sensory neuropathy. There was no correlation between the manometric diagnosis and abnormal neurophysiology, except in patients with achalasia. Conclusion: Neurophysiological testing suggests that oesophageal motility disorders are most commonly due to a variety of neural defects.

关键词： Deroceras reticulatum   Apiaceae   neurophysiology   tentacle nerve preparation   antifeedant   bioassay  

摘要： A systematic examination was made of the plant family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) in which extracts of 33 species, representing 32 genera, were screened for antifeedant activity against the field slug Deroceras reticulatum by using an electrophysiological recording assay. In this assay, the olfactory sensory epithelium of the posterior tentacle of the slug was exposed to volatile components of the plant extracts presented in an airstream, and any subsequent activity of the olfactory nerve was recorded. Extracts of 22 species elicited a range of nervous activity in the preparation. A feeding bioassay was used to measure any change in consumption when extracts were added to a standard food. Statistical analysis of data obtained from both electrophysiological traces and the feeding bioassays identified extracts of Petroselinum crispum, Conium maculatum, and Coriandrum sativum as being the most neuroactive as well as the most antifeedant.

关键词： 电生理学   延髓/解剖学和组织学   延髓/细胞学   延髓/代谢   延髓/生理学   神经通路   睡眠/生理学   睡眠   快速眼运动/生理学   觉醒状态/生理学   动物   人类  

摘要： This paper focuses on the successive historical papers related to medulla oblongata (M.O.) intracerebral connections, its activities and ascending influences regulating sleep-waking behavior. The M.O. certainly influences the quantitative and qualitative processes of waking, However, its neurophysiological properties are often concealed by those of the upper-situated brain stem structures. The M.O., particularly the solitary tract nucleus, is involved in sleep-inducing processes. This nucleus seem to act as a deactivating system of the above situated reticular formation, but it also impacts directly on the thalamocortical slow wave and spindle-inducing processes, The M.O. is significantly involved in paradoxical sleep mechanisms Indeed, the mesopontine executive centers are unable to induce paradoxical sleep without the M.O. Moreover. stimulation of the solitary tract nucleus afferents can induce paradoxical sleep, and the M.O. metabolic functioning is specifically disturbed by paradoxical sleep deprivation. Finally, there seems to be a paradoxical sleep Zeitgeber. Our current knowledge shows that this lowest brain stem level is crucial for sleep-waking mechanisms, It will undoubtedly be further highlighted by future electrophysiologial and neurochemical studies. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd, All rights reserved.

关键词： 儿童发育/生理学   儿童心理学   认知/生理学   习惯化   心理生理学   随机分配   女(雌)性   人类   婴儿   男(雄)性  

摘要： Infants' processing of causal (direct launching) and noncausal (delayed reaction, launching without collision) events was investigated with 30 infants who were 3.5 months old. The habituation-dishabituation technique was used. Results showed that the infants did not process direct launching as causal. However, their pattern of responding revealed a tendency to key on the spatial and temporal properties of the events. Those findings are discussed in terms of their compatibility with a modular, an information-processing, and a Piagetian framework.

关键词： 觉醒/生理学   脑/病理生理学   消化系统/神经支配   胃肠疾病/诊断   胃肠疾病/心理学   心理生理学   躯体型障碍/诊断   躯体型障碍/心理学   人类  

关键词： 精神神经免疫学   心理生理学   人类  

关键词： 神经生理学/仪器和设备   工艺学   医学   人类  

关键词： Nervous System   Nervous System Physiology  

摘要： Knowledge of neuroanatomy and neurophysiology is the essential foundation for understanding the nervous system. Nurses who care for neuroscience patients must be able to perform a neurological assessment, validate normal functions, and recognize abnormal findings. Motor and sensory functions can be verified only when the nurse has a working knowledge and understanding of the neuroanatomical structures and their related functions. For example, it is not adequate that a nurse realize that the cerebral hemispheres are the largest portions of the brain and that there are four lobes. The nurse also must understand the relevance of the cellular components, cortical localization, and vascular distribution. An overview of neuroanatomy and neurophysiology will be presented from two perspectives in this article: (1) anatomic structures and (2) functionality related, to structure and clinical presentation.

关键词： 神经生理学   教学质量   神经活动   心理科学   生理心理学   大脑研究   中枢神经系统   教学措施   脑活动   学习和记忆  

摘要： 任何科学都要研究它自己的对象,研究的全面和深入决定着其发展的水平。教育学的对象是研究人的成长与发展所必需的教养和教学,由于人是自然界的万物之灵,人脑是亿万年生物进化的顶峰,而社会还要把人培养成为国家所企求的人才,开发其智力资源来更好地开发物资资源,因而,教育学的研究应兼顾人的自然性和社会性。

关键词： 病例管理/组织和管理   慢性病   认知疗法   疼痛/诊断   疼痛/心理学   疼痛/治疗   疼痛测定   心理生理学   松弛技术   人类  

摘要： Approximately 80% of all patients with chronic pain report current or past psychological impairment. That is why psychologists or psychosomatic specialists necessarily have to play a role in pain management. Decided psychological pain treatment is indicated depending on somatic and psycho-social findings. For psychological evaluation it is important to use adequate questionnaires, to take a thorough history and to observe behaviour patterns. A lot of different therapeutic approaches are used in clinical practice. Today the best evidence exists for relaxation techniques, behavioural therapy and analytical psychotherapy.