关键词： 眼球运动/生理学   注视   眼/生理学   视皮质/生理学   动物  

摘要： 'Ocular tracking' refers to visually driven, slow eye movements that stabilize moving images on the retina, thereby facilitating high acuity vision. Recent behavioral studies have shown that the primate brain produces several kinds of ocular tracking responses that operate precisely and consistently. with ultrashort latencies. Electrophysiological studies indicate that these tracking responses are mediated by a pathway that includes the medial superior temporal area of the cerebral cortex. Responses of neurons in this pathway are consistent with the short latencies and complex Visual properties observed in behavioral studies of the tracking response.

关键词： 环境卫生   环境监测   健康状况   军队卫生   军事人员/心理学   身体素质   心理生理学   俄罗斯   人类  

关键词： 疗养地   军事人员/心理学   心肌梗死/心理学   心肌梗死/康复   心肌梗死/外科学   心肌血管重建术/心理学   心肌血管重建术/康复   心理生理学   俄罗斯   人类   男(雄)性   中年人  

关键词： 脑/生理学   脑/病理生理学   脑/外科学   兴奋性氨基酸激动剂   习惯化   心理生理学   鹅膏蕈氨酸   迷宫学习   微量注射   嗅通路/生理学   嗅通路/病理生理学   嗅通路/外科学   大鼠   Sprague-Dawley   空间知觉   端脑/生理学   动物   男(雄)性   大鼠  

摘要： Rats with bilateral ibotenic acid lesions centered on the perirhinal cortex and sham-operated controls were tested in 2 versions of a spatially guided radial arm maze task. Lesioned rats made significantly more errors and required more sessions to reach criterion relative to controls in the standard radial maze task. When they were tested in a delayed nonmatch to sample version of this task, lesioned rats made more errors during the predelay phase and at both the 30-s and 10-min delays of the postdelay phase. These findings provide further support for the hypothesis that the role of the perirhinal cortex in object recognition memory may include reference to some spatial aspect of the environment.

关键词： 军事人员/心理学   军事人员/统计学和数值数据   年患病率/发展趋势   心理生理学   卫生保健质量/组织和管理   卫生保健质量/发展趋势   俄罗斯/流行病学  

摘要： In this article the Chief of the Medical Service of the RF Armed Forces sums up the Service' activities in 1998. The article states that due to the morbidity rate the discharge of personnel has increased up to 21.4% among soldiers and to 14.9%--among officers. The suicide rate has decreased by 6.5%. Among the Medical Service' tasks listed in the article the author names the health maintenance of military personnel and psychophysiological support of military activities together with the adequate training of medical specialists according to the existing standards.

关键词： 注意力/生理学   半球优势   大脑/生理学   脑电描记术/仪器和设备   脑电描记术/方法   眼电描记术   事件相关电位   P300/生理学   预测   高级神经活动/生理学   光刺激/仪器和设备   光刺激/方法   概率   心理生理学   参考值   觉醒状态/生理学   青少年   成年人   人类  

摘要： The interhemispheric asymmetry of electrocortical components of the orienting reaction (the amplitude and latency of P300) were studied in the projection (occipital) and associative (central) areas in 8 subjects who were capable for adequate prediction under conditions of different information significance and 6 subjects with prediction problems. Under conditions of relevant stimulation, the amplitude asymmetry was more expressed and the latency of P300 in the central areas of both hemispheres was considerably shorter in good predictors than in bad ones. The rostrocaudal activation gradient was more expressed in good than in bad predictors, especially, under conditions of high information importance. It is suggested that the observed asymmetry in persons with prediction problems is related with nonspecific activation of subcortical structures and in good predictors it is caused by the local neocortical activation.

关键词： 酒精中毒/并发症   糖尿病并发症   射精/生理学   电刺激   肌电描记术   诱发电位/生理学   神经生理学   示波测量法   阴茎勃起/生理学   阴茎/神经支配   阴茎/生理学   反应时间/生理学   反射/生理学   回顾性研究   突触传递/生理学   尿毒症/并发症   血管疾病/并发症   人类   男(雄)性  

摘要： Given that the criteria for sexual performance including males considered normal is not clear in available literature, the authors sought a way to choose standards that would leave no doubts as far competence of performance and neurophysiological integrity in the control of sexual performance. The results found in more than 5,000 electromyographic evaluations on erectile dysfunction were equivalent to the results from a previous research, 'The electromyographic gold standard to male sexual capacity', where normal males were evaluated according to the latency period, amplitude and morphology. To classify the results as 'The gold standard', we used a selected and accurate method that excluded any doubts about the sexual performance. These men had the installation capacity, maintenance and control of their ejaculation, totally voluntary. The similarity between the clinical picture and the electromyographic events, suggests that the amplitude and the morphology, beyond the latency period, may indicate the quality of neurotransmission.

关键词： 脑/生理学   认知   神经网络(计算机)   语音学   心理生理学   言语知觉/生理学   言语学习/生理学   人类  

摘要： Connectionist models of perception and cognition, including the process of deducing meaningful messages from patterns of acoustic waves emitted by vocal tracts, are developed and refined as human understanding of brain function, psychological processes, and the properties of massively parallel architectures advances. The present article presents several important contributions from diverse points of view in the area of connectionist modeling of speech perception and discusses their relative merits with respect to specific theoretical issues and empirical findings. TRACE, the Elman/Norris net, and Adaptive Resonance Theory constitute pivotal points exemplifying overall modeling success, progress in temporal representation, and plausible modeling of learning, respectively. Other modeling efforts are presented for the specific insights they offer, and the article concludes with a discussion of computational versus dynamic modeling of phonological processes.

关键词： nonlinear dynamics   electroencephalogram   embedding   high dimension   spatially extended systems  

摘要： In a recent paper, Pritchard, Krieble, and Duke (Psychophysiology, 33, 362-368, 1996) studied the validity of spatial embedding of electroencephalographic (EEG) data and rejected this method in favor of time-delay embedding. The present paper describes the nonlinear characterization of brain dynamics using either spatial or time-delay embedding. We discuss the arguments published in Pritchard et al. (1996) and demonstrate that the spatial embedding cannot be rejected on this basis. We also point out the limitations. of both spatial and time-delay embeddings related to the spatial extension and the high-dimensional dynamics of brain activity.

关键词： 慢性病   交谈   心理学   MMPI   疼痛/心理学   人格障碍/诊断   人格障碍/心理学   精神病状态评定量表   心理学理论   心理测定学   心理生理学   人类  

摘要： It has long been recognized that there is a relationship between certain personality types and personality disorders (PD) and chronic nonmalignant pain (CP). The relationship, however, is far from understood and the physiological and psychological mechanisms that underlie it are unclear. Those who treat chronic pain face many challenges when dealing with individuals who have personality disorders and they often become frustrated when interacting with these patients. Patients with certain traits and personality disorders may continue to worry and ruminate about their symptoms long after the tissue pathology has resolved. Other individuals may overly rely on the clinician and assume a passive role in their treatment, thereby decreasing the likelihood for a positive outcome. Moreover, patients with personality disorders may be demanding (eg, borderline), self-absorbed (eg, narcissistic), or substance seeking (eg, antisocial, borderline). In an attempt to improve management of such patients, pain specialists have attempted to better understand the complex relationship between personality and chronic pain. In this article, we will review the predominant historical and current theories of pain and personality, discuss aspects of the gate-control theory of pain that may relate to personality, and discuss the diathesis-stress model of personality disorders in pain. Last, we will review studies of personality and personality disorders in chronic pain and their treatment implications. We conclude that, based on the underlying neurochemistry, there may be a direct or indirect link between PD and CP, but further prospective research, both on the biological and psychological relationship, should be conducted.