关键词： 供血者   血压   体重   病例对照研究   头晕/流行病学   头晕/病因学   头晕/病理生理学   习惯化   心理生理学   心率   低血压/流行病学   低血压/病因学   低血压/病理生理学   肌无力/流行病学   肌无力/病因学   肌无力/病理生理学   苍白/流行病学   苍白/病因学   苍白/病理生理学   静脉切开术/副作用   回顾性研究   晕厥   血管迷走神经性/流行病学   晕厥   血管迷走神经性/病因学   美国/流行病学   成年人   女(雌)性   人类   男(雄)性   中年人  

摘要： BACKGROUND: Vasovagal reactions occur in a small, but significant number of blood donors. These reactions may decrease return donation and disrupt blood collection activities. The purpose of this study was to define the contributory role of sex, age, weight, blood pressure;and pulse in vasovagal reactions with syncope in blood donors. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A retrospective case-control study involved 1890 blood donors with syncope from three large United States blood centers during 1994 and 1995. Case controls and random population controls were used in a logistic regression analysis to determine the significance of individual variables to syncopal reactions. RESULTS: Female donors, young donors, first-time donors, low-weight donors, and donors with low predonation blood pressure had higher absolute donation reaction rates than other donors. When each variable was adjusted for other variables by regression analysis, age, weight, and donation status (first-time or repeat donor) were significant (p<0.0001), and sex, predonation blood pressure, and predonation pulse were not. The most important variables, in descending order, were age, weight, and donation status (first-time or repeat donor). CONCLUSIONS: Donation-related vasovagal syncopal reactions are a multifactorial process determined largely by age, weight, and first-time donor status.

关键词： 脑/血液供给   脑/生理学   脑/病理生理学   脑血管循环   细胞因子类/生理学   抑郁症/病理生理学   胰岛素/生理学   精神障碍/病理生理学   模型   神经学   精神病/病理生理学   精神分裂症/病理生理学   动物   人类  

摘要： The purpose of this review is to indicate the role insulin plays in normal brain neurophysiology, together with the role insulin may play in the regulation of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). The relationship between sustained elevation of the inflammatory cytokines and brain insulin dysregulation, with respect to the serious mental disorders, is also discussed. It has been observed that, as the inflammatory cytokines increase, they exert a synergistic influence on insulin and somatostatin, by initially increasing and then decreasing insulin secretion, In the brain, increased levels of insulin result in increased glucose utilization and over-stimulation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), while the inhibition of insulin secretion results in decreased glucose utilization and dysregulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. It will further be argued that these alterations in brain insulin influence rCBF in the serious mental disorders such as schizophrenia and the affective disorders. It is hypothesized that insulin regulates rCBF either directly, or indirectly via GLUT4 in the hypothalamus now considered the glucose-sensing, insulin-sensing mechanism of the brain and the body. Thus, we shall propose that insulin plays an important role in normal neurophysiology and that sustained elevation of the inflammatory cytokines dysregulates insulin secretion, rCBF, ANS and the HPA-axis in serious mental disorders.

关键词： 疲劳/药物疗法   疲劳/病理生理学   疲劳/心理学   个性   军事人员/心理学   身体素质/生理学   身体素质/心理学   精神药理学   心理生理学   俄罗斯   应激   心理学/药物疗法   应激   心理学/病理生理学   应激   心理学/心理学   系统分析   战争   人类  

关键词： 呼吸锻炼   慢性病   综合疗法   强迫性障碍/病理生理学   强迫性障碍/心理学   强迫性障碍/治疗   恐怖症/病理生理学   恐怖症/心理学   恐怖症/治疗   精神病理学   心理生理学   呼吸力学   青少年   成年人   女(雌)性   人类   男(雄)性   中年人  

摘要： The disordered breathing pattern in neurotic phobias results in deep-rooted vegetovisceral manifestations and somatisation of phobias. Changing the breathing pattern during the psychotherapeutic sessions makes for neutralizing the disordered breathing cycle in the patient, and, moreover, permits this way of dealing with the problem concerned to be used as a kind of self-regulation during the development of phobias.

关键词： 鸟类/生理学   结肠/生理学   消化生理学   肾/生理学   蠕动/生理学   家禽/生理学   排尿/生理学   动物  

摘要： In birds, the kidney does not independently regulate the composition of the extracellular fluid, as is the case for mammals. The urine of birds enters the cloaca and is moved by a reverse peristaltic action into the colon. In the colon, the urine comes in contact with an epithelium that modifies its composition. If the osmotic potential of the urine is significantly higher than that of the plasma, the urine will not be refluxed into the colon. The composition of the ureteral urine is sensed in the cloaca which in turn modulates the refluxing activity. It appears to be the large contraction waves of the colon that are modified by changes in the composition of the urine, although radiographic evidence indicates that the small contraction waves of the colon do the actual refluxing. It is necessary for the urine to be moved into the colon. This may be driven by the need to recover some, if not all, of the protein in the urine. This protein maintains uric acid in a colloidal suspension that prevents the formation of uric acid crystals which would block the renal tubules. Thus, the kidneys and lower gastrointestinal tract must function in concert in the regulation of the composition of the extracellular fluid.

关键词： 饮酒/代谢   饮酒/病理生理学   饮酒/心理学   行为   动物/生理学   脑/代谢   脑/生理学   脑化学/生理学   条件反射   经典/生理学   疾病易感性   摄食行为/生理学   高级神经活动/生理学   神经递质药/分析   神经递质药/代谢   心理生理学   大鼠   Wistar   动物   男(雄)性   大鼠  

摘要： The state of neurotransmitter systems was studied in the groups of Wistar rats discriminated by striving for alcohol and rejecting it after the information load (alimentary instrumental conditioning in a labyrinth). The specific activities of neurotransmitter metabolizing enzymes (MAO A and B, acetylcholinesterase, and acetylcholinetransferase) and the content of biogenic amines and their metabolites (serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, noradrenaline, and dopamine) were measured in homogenates and subfractions of sensorimotor cortex and caudate nucleus. It was found out that the biochemical indices correlated with cognitive abilities of animals. Stress-resistant rats, which were capable for acquisition of the complex skill, refused alcohol after the information load and were characterized by activation of the brain neurotransmitter systems. The rats, which were unable to fulfill the cognitive task, began to abuse alcohol and were characterized by suppression of the neurotransmitter systems. It seems possible that the brain neurotransmitter metabolism adequately reflects the characteristics of the higher nervous activity of animals and their resistance to alcohol.

关键词： 脑图   大脑皮质/生理学   意识/生理学   功能偏侧化/生理学   模型   神经学   神经网络(计算机)   心理生理学   人类  

摘要： A technique for the bilateral activation of neural nets that leads to a functional asymmetry of two simulated "cerebral hemispheres" is described. The simulation is designed to per form object recognition, while exhibiting characteristics typical of human consciousness-specifically, the unitary nature of conscious attention, together with a dual awareness corresponding to the "nucleus" and "fringe" described by William James (1890). Sensory neural nets self-organize on the basis of five sensory features. The system is then taught arbitrary symbolic labels for a small number of similar stimuli. Finally, the trained network is exposed to nonverbal stimuli for object recognition, leading to Gaussian activation of the "sensory'' maps-with a peak at the location most closely related to the features of the external stimulus. "Verbal" maps al-e activated most strongly at the labeled location that lies closest to the peak on homologous sensory maps. On the verbal maps activation is characterized by both excitatory and inhibitory Gaussians (a Mexican hat), the parameters of which are determined by the relative locations of the verbal labels. Mutual homotopic inhibition across the "corpus callosum" then produces functional cerebral asymmetries, i.e., complementary activation of homologous "association" and "frontal" maps within a common focus of attention-a nucleus in the left hemisphere and a fringe in the right hemisphere. An object is recognized as corresponding to a known label when the total activation of both hemispheres (nucleus plus fringe) is strongest for that label. The functional dualities of the cerebral hemispheres are discussed in light of the nucleus/fringe asymmetry, (C) 1999 Academic Press.

关键词： 排便/生理学   消化生理学   粪便   鸵形目/生理学   鸵形目/尿   火鸡/生理学   火鸡/尿   输尿管/生理学   排尿/生理学   动物  

摘要： Undigested feed and precipitated uric acid are excreted together in domestic turkeys, whereas in ostriches, liquid urine then discrete fecal boli are excreted in rapid succession. Gross anatomy and physiology of the cloacal structures of these two species also differ, providing an explanation for the differences in their waste products. J. Exp. Zool. 283:478-479, 1999. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

关键词： 佛教   印度   神经科学/发展趋势   神经外科(学)/发展趋势   心理生理学   人类  

摘要： The advancements in the field of science in the past fifty years have highlighted the need to integrate all fields of human endeavours and have emphasised interdependency of various disciplines. The separation of humanities, therefore, from neurosciences is a preposterous practical joke on all thinking men. With the human genome project on the anvil, biotechnology is making significant headway holding out promise for organ regeneration, Macro evolution is over, but micro-evolution continues in the brain. Neural Darwinism thus, continues to evolve as long as individual remains conscious and has memory, In the milieu of widely varying internal physiological mechansims and external stimuli, an alternative theory to preprogrammed directionalism is proposed by three mechanisms namely developmental variation and selection, experiential selections and reentrant signalling. Reentrant signalling reorients and correlates the external inputs leading to psychic development preceding the development of consciousness. The cholinergic and aminergic neuro-modelling systems are well suited to serve as value systems. The main achievement of consciousness is to bring together the many categorizations involved in perceptions into a SCENE. Another part of evolution involved capacity of reentrant signalling to be guided by a value system where it is provided with a lot of choices. With 10(13) neurons and 10(16) connections, freedom of choice may manifest into a 'Buddha' or a 'Hitler', As part of the evolutionary process, it was interesting how capacity to categorize the need to worship by referring to environment outside evolved into a search within our minds. As the next stage of evolution, neuroscience may, thus, serve as the next gateway to understanding the mind and soul.

摘要： Digestion strategies of meat- and fish-eating birds have received little attention, and the assumption has generally been made that there is rather little variation in digestion parameters between species in these guilds. We show that there is significant though small variation between species in apparent absorption efficiency. This variation is associated with an apparent trade-off between retention time of digesta and apparent absorption efficiency: short retention times result in low apparent absorption efficiency. We show that, in raptors, rapid digestion is a consequence of both reduced gut length and increased flow rate of digesta. We examine the ecological correlates of digestive strategy in raptors and seabirds. Rapid digestion appears to be associated with a pursuit foraging mode, whereas slow digestion tends to occur in species with a searching foraging mode. We suggest that in raptors which actively pursue aerial prey, the weight savings that can be achieved through rapid digestion exceed the costs in reduced apparent absorption efficiency. However, a species which adopts a strategy of rapid but inefficient digestion may be restricted in diet to high-quality food types, whereas species with a slow but efficient digestive strategy are able to exploit a wider range of food types, including low-quality prey. J. Exp. Zool. 283:365-376, 1999. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.