关键词： Continence   Females   Micturition   Neuroanatomy   Neuropharmacology   Neurophysiology  

摘要： Micturition and continence involve the coordination of complex neural events between the central and peripheral nervous systems. An understanding of these events provides a foundation for the treatment of voiding disorders in women such as stress urinary incontinence, urge incontinence and interstitial cystitis. The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively review the neuroanatomy, neurophysiology and neuropharmacology of micturition and continence. However, a brief section discussing clinical correlations will follow each of these topics to help integrate the basic science with clinical obervations.

关键词： 马铃薯   近欧   苏格兰   美国康涅狄格州   汹涌的海水   神经生理学   教育方法   布赖恩   拉塞尔   仔细测试  

摘要： 在英国苏格兰，约翰·斯莱特远离城市和社会，穴居于一个值僻海岸的洞穴，对狂风巨浪随时会把汹涌的海水卷入洞穴一点也不在意。他曾经穿着睡衣，赤脚走遍英伦三岛。更可笑的是斯莱特曾经任命一只狗担任他公司的经理。诺尔马·琼·布赖恩特是居住在美国康涅狄格州西部的一名行为古怪的妇女。她认为把东西扔掉是不道德的。布赖恩特保存着自己购买或别人赠送的所有物品，即使已经破烂不堪也舍不得丢弃，日积月累足足堆满了两大房间。长期以来，欧美一直存在着数量众多的行为古怪者。据统计，大约每一万人中就有一名。他们大都智力过人但又时常健忘，性格孤僻且固执己见。在一些人看来，他们的行为举止是古怪而不可思议的，就类似于“雨人”一般。然而

关键词： trunk muscle recruitment   trunk biomechanical modeling   dynamic analysis   electromyography   neurophysiology  

摘要： A neurocortical-based technique of muscle recruitment is presented to solve the muscle indeterminacy problem for lumbar torso modeling. Cortical recordings from behaving primates have established motor cortex cells that respond to a wide range of task directions, bur are tuned to a preferred direction. A characteristic activity pattern of these neurons seems to be associated with effort direction. It was hypothesized that a model which recruits muscles based on a similar distribution would predict antagonistic muscle activity with greater realism than a widely referenced optimization formulation. The predictions of the Distributed Moment Histogram (DMH) method were evaluated under common speed (< 30 degrees s(-1)) sagittal plane lifting conditions using five subjects. The predicted forces showed high correspondence with agonist and antagonist myoelectric patterns. The mean coefficient of determination for the erector spinae was r(2) = 0.91, and 0.41 for the latissimus. For the antagonistic muscles, the rectus abdominus was found to be electrically silent (< 3% MVC) and no activity was predicted by the method. The external oblique muscle was observed to be minimally active (< 16% MVC), and the DMH method predicted its mostly constant activity with a mean standard error of 1.6% MVC. The realistic antagonistic predictions supported the hypothesis and justify this cortical based technique as an alternative for muscle tension estimation in biomechanical torso modeling. A primary advantage of this method is its computational simplicity and direct physiologic analogy. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.

关键词： continuous quality improvement   customer service   management issues   personal growth  

摘要： Customers of a neurophysiology laboratory include not only patients and their families, bur physicians, insurance companies, instrument vendors, and members of many other departments in the hospital. Technologists need to recognize customers and their needs, then address those needs. The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People suggested by Steven Covey can be used successfully by electroneurodiagnostic technologists to provide effective customer service.

关键词： Animals   Attention   Neurons   Afferent   Neurophysiology   Photic Stimulation  

摘要： Pronounced effects of attention have been demonstrated in a region of visual cortex previously thought to be devoid of such influences;identifying the features critical for eliciting these effects should teach us a great deal about the neural underpinnings of visual attention.

关键词： Cerebral Cortex   Epilepsy   Humans   Neurons  

关键词： 补充疗法   医院病人关系   病人/心理学   医生病人关系   安慰剂/治疗应用   精神神经免疫学   心理生理学   治疗结果   人类  

关键词： capsaicin   C fiber receptors   cough   cough receptors   neuropeptides   rapidly adapting receptors   tachykinins  

摘要： The epithelium of the larynx, trachea, and larger bronchi contains sensory nerves that are responsible for cough. Their two main categories are rapidly adapting receptors (RARs) and C fiber receptors. Both types respond to a wide variety of mechanical and chemical irritants. The RARs are the main sensory complex responsible for cough. C fiber receptors cause neurogenic inflammation by the release of tachykinins such as substance P. The reflex action of C fiber receptors seems to be inhibition of cough. However;the released tachykinins can stimulate RARs and promote of enhance the cough response. The strength and pattern of cough depends on the sites of the airway that are stimulated and the local and central reflex interactions of the RARs and C fiber receptors. Tachykinins seem to be involved in cough, but their role needs further study.

关键词： Monkey   Motor cortex   Neuronal populations   Directional tuning   Spinal Cord  

摘要： Reaching to objects of interest is very common in the behavioral repertoire of primates. Monkeys possess keen binocular vision and make graceful and accurate arm movements. This review focuses on behavioral and neurophysiological aspects of eye-hand coordination in behaving monkeys, including neural coding mechanisms at the single cell level and in neuronal populations. The results of these studies have converged to a common behavioral-neurophysiological ground and provided a springboard for studies of brain mechanisms underlying motor cognitive function.