关键词： 人体生理学   神经生理学   高等学校   教材  

ISBN: (纸本)9787301210918

摘要： 《会展概论》是会展经济与管理方向的专业基础课，本书写作主要目的是向学生系统介绍会展业的发展概况及相关的基本知识，使学生对会展这个专业有一个总体的认识。作为帮助会展专业的学生、会展业的从业人员全面了解会展业的一本基础性教材，本书在编写过程中主要按照会展入门、会展四大组成部分、会展经济、会展宏观管理、国内外会展业现状与发展等来划分学习模块，共分为8个章节。

关键词： digestive physiology   growth performance   nursery pigs   nutrients digestibility   protein sources   FERMENTED SOYBEAN-MEAL   AMINO-ACIDS   NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY   GASTROINTESTINAL-TRACT   COMPARATIVE EFFICACY   ILEAL DIGESTIBILITY   FEED-INTAKE   HEALTH   ENERGY   INGREDIENTS  

摘要： The study compared the effects of selected proteins replacing fish meal in low-protein diets on piglets' growth performance, intestinal digestive physiology, and nitrogen digestion and metabolism. Five reduced CP, amino acid (AA)-supplemented diets containing 4% of either S50, HP300, concentrated degossypolized cottonseed protein (CDCP), P50, or fish meal were assigned to six pens with 11 pigs for a 28-day study period. Compared with fish meal, dietary proteins did not affect growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, serum hormone levels and biochemical parameters, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of CP and most AA, colonic short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) contents, duodenal and ileal morphology, digestive enzyme activity, and pH in small intestine of piglets. However, HP300, CDCP, and P50 decreased (p < 0.05) fecal N excretion per weight gain. AID of Ile in S50 and HP300 and Glu in P50 were improved (p < 0.05), and AID of Gly in other proteins was reduced (p < 0.05). S50 and P50 lowered (p < 0.05) the contents of colonic isobutyric and isovaleric. S50 and HP300 reduced (p < 0.05) jejunal villus height. CDCP increased (p < 0.05) the pepsin activity in stomach. S50, HP300, and CDCP decreased (p < 0.05) pH in the proximal colon. Overall, the selected proteins could completely replace fish meal in low-protein diet without impairing piglets' growth via maintaining intestinal digestive physiology, and nitrogen digestion and metabolism.

关键词： Basal ganglia   Cerebellum   Movement   Neurodegeneration   Parkinson's disease   Spinal cord   Substantia Nigra   DEEP BRAIN-STIMULATION   MESENCEPHALIC LOCOMOTOR REGION   RAT SUBSTANTIA-NIGRA   GAMMA BAND ACTIVITY   MIDBRAIN DOPAMINERGIC-NEURONS   TONICALLY ACTIVE NEURONS   CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM   SLEEP-WAKE CYCLE   CHOLINERGIC NEURONS   PARKINSONS-DISEASE  

摘要： The interest in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg), a structure located in the brainstem at the level of the pontomesencephalic junction, has greatly increased in recent years because it is involved in the regulation of physiological functions that fail in Parkinson's disease and because it is a promising target for deep brain stimulation in movement disorders. The PPTg is highly interconnected with the main basal ganglia nuclei and relays basal ganglia activity to thalamic and brainstem nuclei and to spinal effectors. In this review, we address the functional role of the main PPTg outputs directed to the basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum and spinal cord. Together, the data that we discuss show that the PPTg may influence thalamocortical activity and spinal motoneuron excitability through its ascending and descending output fibers, respectively. Cerebellar nuclei may also relay signals from the PPTg to thalamic and brainstem nuclei. In addition to participating in motor functions, the PPTg participates in arousal, attention, action selection and reward mechanisms. Finally, we discuss the possibility that the PPTg may be involved in excitotoxic degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra through the glutamatergic monosynaptic input that it provides to these neurons.

关键词： hydration   dehydration   hypohydration   hyponatremia   polydipsia   EXERCISE-ASSOCIATED HYPONATREMIA   COMPULSIVE WATER DRINKING   URINARY-TRACT   FLUID INTAKE   MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY   DIABETES-INSIPIDUS   SOCIAL DEFEAT   ENERGY-INTAKE   RISK-FACTORS   WEIGHT-LOSS  

摘要： The detrimental effects of dehydration, to both mental and physical health, are well-described. The potential adverse consequences of overhydration, however, are less understood. The difficulty for most humans to routinely ingest >= 2 liters (L)-or "eight glasses"-of water per day highlights the likely presence of an inhibitory neural circuit which limits the deleterious consequences of overdrinking in mammals but can be consciously overridden in humans. This review summarizes the existing data obtained from both animal (mostly rodent) and human studies regarding the physiology, psychology, and pathology of overhydration. The physiology section will highlight the molecular strength and significance of aquaporin-2 (AQP2) water channel downregulation, in response to chronic anti-diuretic hormone suppression. Absence of the anti-diuretic hormone, arginine vasopressin (AVP), facilitates copious free water urinary excretion (polyuria) in equal volumes to polydipsia to maintain plasma tonicity within normal physiological limits. The psychology section will highlight reasons why humans and rodents may volitionally overdrink, likely in response to anxiety or social isolation whereas polydipsia triggers mesolimbic reward pathways. Lastly, the potential acute (water intoxication) and chronic (urinary bladder distension, ureter dilation and hydronephrosis) pathologies associated with overhydration will be examined largely from the perspective of human case reports and early animal trials.

关键词： TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION   CORTICAL REORGANIZATION   BLINK REFLEX   PAIN   NERVE   MODULATION   NEUROPATHY   SYSTEM   POLYMORPHISMS   THRESHOLDS  

摘要： Background and aims Neuropathic mechanisms are involved in burning mouth syndrome (BMS), and variation of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene contributes to experimental pain perception. We investigated whether neurophysiologic findings differ in BMS patients compared to healthy controls, and whether 957C>T polymorphism of the DRD2 gene influences thermal sensitivity or pain experience in BMS. Methods Forty-five BMS patients (43 women), mean age 62.5 years, and 32 healthy controls (30 women), mean age 64.8 years, participated. Patients estimated pain intensity, interference, suffering and sleep with Numeric Rating Scale. Blink reflex tests of the supraorbital (SON), mental (MN) and lingual (LN) nerves, and thermal quantitative sensory testing were done. The results were analysed with ANOVA. DRD2 gene 957C>T polymorphism was determined in 31 patients, and its effects on neurophysiologic and clinical variables were analysed. Results Cool (p = 0.0090) and warm detection thresholds (p = 0.0229) of the tongue were higher in BMS patients than controls. The stimulation threshold for SON BR was higher in patients than in controls (p = 0.0056). The latencies of R2 component were longer in BMS patients than in controls (p = 0.0005) at the SON distribution. Habituation of SON BR did not differ between the groups. The heat pain thresholds were highest (p = 0.0312) in homozygous patients with 957TT, who also reported most interference (p = 0.0352) and greatest suffering (p = 0.0341). Genotype 957CC associated with sleep disturbances (p = 0.0254). Conclusions Burning mouth syndrome patients showed thermal hypoesthesia within LN distribution compatible with small fibre neuropathy. The DRD2 957C>T genotype influences perception and experience of BMS pain. Significance The results confirm earlier findings of neuropathic pain in BMS. The DRD2 957 C>T genotype influences perception and experience of clinical pain in BMS.

关键词： Neuronal plasticity   Behavior   Epigenetics   TET enzymes   5hmC   LONG-TERM DEPRESSION   HEMATOPOIETIC STEM-CELLS   DNA METHYLATION   CXXC DOMAIN   GENE-TRANSCRIPTION   CPG ISLANDS   5-METHYLCYTOSINE   PROTEINS   MEMORY   5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE  

摘要： The dynamic nature of epigenetic DNA modifications is crucial for regulating gene expression in an experience dependent manner and, thus, a potential mediator of neuronal plasticity and behavior. The discovery of the involvement of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and Ten Eleven Translocation (TET) family of enzymes in the demethylation pathway uncovered a potential link between neuronal TET protein function and cognitive processes. In this review, we provide an overview on how profile of 5hmC and TET enzymes are powerful mechanisms to explain neuronal plasticity and long-term behaviors, such as cognition. More specifically, we discuss how the current knowledge integrates the function of each TET enzyme in neurophysiology and brain function.

关键词： brain slice   calcium imaging   microscopy   optogenetics   INHIBITION   MICROSCOPY   CHANNELS  

摘要： Optical tools for simultaneous perturbation and measurement of neural activity open the possibility of mapping neural function over wide areas of brain tissue. However, spectral overlap of actuators and reporters presents a challenge for their simultaneous use, and optical scattering and out-of-focus fluorescence in tissue degrade resolution. To minimize optical crosstalk, we combined an optimized variant (eTsChR) of the most blue-shifted channelrhodopsin reported to-date with a nuclear-localized red-shifted Ca2+ indicator, H2B-jRGECO1a. To perform wide-area optically sectioned imaging in tissue, we designed a structured illumination technique that uses Hadamard matrices to encode spatial information. By combining these molecular and optical approaches we made wide-area functional maps in acute brain slices from mice of both sexes. The maps spanned cortex and striatum and probed the effects of antiepileptic drugs on neural excitability and the effects of AMPA and NMDA receptor blockers on functional connectivity. Together, these tools provide a powerful capability for wide-area mapping of neuronal excitability and functional connectivity in acute brain slices.

关键词： 青少年   体能训练   营养  

摘要： 青少年是国家未来的主力军,其体质健康状况影响国家未来的发展。本研究通过对体能概念的界定,从运动系统、心血管系统、呼吸系统和神经系统来分析青少年体能锻炼的生理学基础;从认知能力的发展、个性特征的发展和社会交往的发展来探讨青少年体能锻炼的心理学基础;从能量、蛋白质、糖类、脂类和其他营养物质来分析青少年体能训练的营养学基础。

关键词： 植物生理学   设计性实验   探讨与实施  

摘要： 为了培养学生的质疑能力、探索精神和创新能力,以"比较在逆境条件下同种植物不同品种抗性的强弱及各项生理指标的变化规律"为例,在内蒙古民族大学本科生中探讨和实施了植物生理学设计性实验教学模式.结果表明,设计性实验教学培养了学生独立动手能力、独立思考与探究能力,提高了学生操作仪器设备能力、综合运用知识能力,锻炼了学生创造性思维能力、分析问题和解决问题的能力.

关键词： 丙泊酚   成瘾   条件性位置偏爱   心理生理学  

摘要： 目的:探讨大鼠对丙泊酚的成瘾性及其心理生理学特征。方法:选用成年雄性SD大鼠33只,随机分为丙泊酚组(Propofol Group,n=18)和对照组(Control Group,n=15),在一周适应性饲养后,接受为期11天的条件性位置偏爱(CPP)实验,包括前测阶段、训练阶段和后测阶段。CPP实验后,在乌拉坦麻醉下分别对大鼠伏隔核核心部(Acbc)和基底外侧杏仁核(BLA)生物电活动进行细胞外记录,并同步记录体温、心电图(ECG)、呼吸肌肌电(EMG),观察腹腔注射30mg/kg丙泊酚的影响。结果:(1)丙泊酚组大鼠后测阶段在伴药箱停留时间较前测阶段增加(P<0.01),丙泊酚组大鼠后测阶段与前测阶段在伴药箱停留时间的差值较对照组增加(P<0.05);(2)丙泊酚组(n=10)大鼠Acbc和BLA的放电频率较对照组(n=5)均升高(Acbc:P<0.01,BLA:P<0.05);(3)丙泊酚组大鼠核团放电频率的Acbc/BLA比值高于对照组大鼠(P<0.05);(4)急性腹腔注射30mg/kg丙泊酚后,两核团放电频率均无明显变化,但丙泊酚组大鼠呼吸频率、体温下降(P<0.05,n=8)。结论:短期重复给予小剂量丙泊酚即有成瘾性,其机制可能与脑内奖赏-惩罚系统的平衡改变有关。