关键词： Somatosensory evoked potentials   Intraoperative monitoring   Intraoperative mapping   Optimization   Warning criteria   Recommendations   TOTAL INTRAVENOUS ANESTHESIA   HUMAN SENSORIMOTOR CORTEX   SPINAL-CORD   MEDIAN NERVE   NITROUS-OXIDE   SCOLIOSIS SURGERY   CEREBRAL-CORTEX   PHASE REVERSAL   PARADOXICAL LATERALIZATION   INFRATENTORIAL LESIONS  

摘要： Intraoperative somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) provide dorsal somatosensory system functional and localizing information, and complement motor evoked potentials. Correct application and interpretation require in-depth knowledge of relevant anatomy, electrophysiology, and techniques. It is advisable to facilitate cortical SEPs with total intravenous propofol-opioid or similarly favorable anesthesia. Moreover, SEP optimization is recommended to enhance surgical feedback speed and accuracy by maximizing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR); it consists of selecting highest-SNR peripheral and cortical derivations while omitting low-SNR channels. Confounding factors causing non-surgical SEP reduction should be excluded before issuing a warning. It is advisable to facilitate their identification with peripheral SEP controls and cortical SEP systemic controls whenever possible. Warning criteria should adjust for baseline drift and reproducibility. The recommended adaptive warning criterion is visually obvious amplitude reduction from recent pre-change values and clearly exceeding trial-to-trial variability, particularly when abrupt and focal. Acquisition and interpretation should be done by qualified technical and professional level personnel. Indications for SEP monitoring include intracranial, posterior fossa, and spinal neurosurgery, as well as orthopedic spine, cerebrovascular, and descending aortic surgery. Indications for SEP mapping include sensorimotor cortex and dorsal column midline identification. Future advances could modify current recommendations. (C) 2018 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier B.V.

关键词： 自我意识   复制   克隆   社会生活   神经生理学  

摘要： 人是通过自我意识知道自己、调控自己改造世界的,自我意识是人的核心。在科技发展的今天,许多学者认为复制方法可以实现自我意识不灭。本文从生理自我、心理自我、生理—心理自我三个角度说明复制自我意识的不可能,从而让我们正确的看待人的生命。

关键词： Gut bacterial proteases   H. armigera   Host plant defense   PIs   TRFLP  

摘要： Helicoverpa armigera is anxious insect pest of agricultural crops. Array of defensive molecules in host plants and extensive use of chemical insecticides are unable to cease the attack incidences. Gut bacterial communities are found to contribute in various physiological activities in most of the arthropods. In the current study the bacterial communities were isolated from gut of H. armigera feeding on three host plants (Pigeonpea, Chickpea and Cotton) by culture dependent and culture independent methods. Predominant bacterial communities were identified by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP). Three dominant phylotypes namely proteobacteria, actinobacteria and firmicutes were identified by TRFLP and found to conserve on different host plant selected. Five Bacillus species namely Bacillus sp. JR14, Bacillus sp. YP1, Bacillus safensis CG1, Bacillus subtillis KAVK2 and Bacillus megaterium 47N were purified by culture dependent method and identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. Among all identified Bacillus, Bacillus sp. YP1 strain was found to be potent protease producer as assisted by dot-blot assay and in vitro solution assays. The in vitro interactions of these proteases with host plant PIs were studied by reverse zymography and gel X-ray contact print (GXCP) analysis. Reduction in activity of PIs and degradation pattern of PI bands on gels in presence of trypsin and protease extract of Bacillus sp. YP1 indicates inactivation of PIs. Thus, conserved nature and in vitro response to PI proteins advocates role of gut bacterial flora in H. armigera digestive physiology. © 2017 King Saud University

关键词： Cerebellar ataxia   Forward model   EEG   Cognitive control   MISMATCH NEGATIVITY MMN   AUDITORY SENSORY MEMORY   BASAL GANGLIA   FUNCTIONAL-SIGNIFICANCE   HUNTINGTONS-DISEASE   RESPONSE SELECTION   INTERNAL-MODELS   ERP COMPONENTS   DEFICITS   RELIABILITY  

摘要： Genetically determined cerebellar ataxias (CA) are a heterogeneous group of disorders with progressive decline of cerebellar functions. The cerebellum influences internal forward models that play a role in cognitive control, but whether these processes are dysfunctional in CA is unclear. Here, we examined sensory predictive coding processes and response adaptation in CA and healthy controls (HC) using behavioral tests with concomitant EEG recordings. N = 23 patients and N = 29 age- and sex-matched HC were studied. Sensory prediction coding was tested with an auditory distraction paradigm and error-related behavioral adaptation with a visual flanker task. As neurophysiological markers we studied different event-related potentials: the P3a for orientation of attention; the N2 and the error-related negativity (ERN) for cognitive adaptation processes/consequences of response errors; error-related positivity (Pe) for error-awareness; the mismatch negativity (MMN) for sensory predictive coding; and reorientation negativity (RON) for reorientation after unexpected events. Overall reaction times were slower in patients compared to HC, but error rates did not differ. Both in patients and HC, P3a amplitudes were larger in distraction trials, but the P3a amplitude was smaller in patients compared to HC. The MMN as well as behavioral and EEG-correlates of response adaptation (ERN/N2) did not differ between groups, while the Pe was attenuated in patients. During sensory predictive coding, RON amplitudes were significantly larger in HC compared to patients. In HC, but not in patients, RON amplitudes were also larger in deviant compared to frequent trials. Processes generating internal forward models are largely intact in genetically determined CA, whereas updating of mental models and error awareness are disturbed in these patients.

关键词： 神经生理学   运动准备   脑机制   功能网络   动力学模型  

摘要： 运动准备是运动执行前大脑中运动意向形成的过程，包括运动决策和运动规划，在神经信息上表现为功能磁共振成像的运动相关脑区激活和脑电信号中出现幅值缓慢增大的负波，该缓慢变化的负波被称为运动准备电位(Readiness Potential，RP)。由于运动准备过程中认知成分的存在、运动决策与运动规划时段无法划分、RP的个体差异性等因素，使得运动准备过程脑机制的解析非常困难。到目前为止，人们对运动准备过程大脑工作机制的认知非常有限，这也限制了运动准备过程的神经信息在认知神经科学研究、临床疾病诊断和脑.机接口技术等领域的进一步应用。所以，明晰运动准备过程脑机制不仅能够加深对大脑运动系统功能的理解，促进认知神经科学的发展，也能推进运动准备过程的神经信息在临床疾病诊断、脑-机接口等技术的进一步应用，具有很高的理论研究意义和应用价值。　　为了研究运动准备过程大脑的工作机制，本文首先从最典型、最简单的运动动作着手，设计了自主抬手和运动提示抬手两种运动实验范式，招募并采集了多名被试的脑电信号。并对原始信号进行预处理，实现了对运动准备电位的有效提取;其次，采用全脑运动准备电位、短时间间隔脑地形图序列、源定位技术分析了自主运动和提示运动准备过程中大脑的活动模式;然后，建立了自主运动和提示运动准备过程大脑的功能网络、因效网络和动态因果模型(Dynamic Causality Model，DCM)，从功能连接和信息传递的角度解析了自主抬手运动和提示抬手两类准备运动过程大脑的工作机制;最后，建立了运动准备过程的神经动力学模型，模型输出与实验采集的运动准备电位之间的相关性验证了所建DCM模型的有效性。本文的主要创新性工作如下:　　(1)提出了一种基于前向峰值搜索与插值的运动起始点检测算法，实现了对运动起始点的精确检测和对运动准备过程脑电信号的有效截取。　　(2)确定了自主抬手运动和提示抬手运动准备过程的大脑活动模式。采用全脑运动准备电位、短时间间隔脑地形图序列、源定位技术分别分析了自主运动和提示运动准备过程中大脑的激活区域和各激活区的活动时序。研究发现:a1自主运动和提示运动准备过程激活的主要大脑区域相同，包括双侧额下回(iFg)、双侧辅助运动区(SMA)和双侧中央后回(pCg);b)自主运动和提示运动准备过程各脑区的活动顺序不同，自主运动准备过程中主要脑区的激活顺序为SMA→iFg→pCg，提示运动准备过程中主要脑区的激活顺序为iFg→SMA→pCg。说明了:SMA在自主运动中主要起运动的发起作用，负责运动的规划。　　(3)确定了自主抬手运动和提示抬手运动准备过程大脑的功能连接模式和信息在大脑中的传递过程。采用运动准备过程主要脑区的源信号建立了自主抬手运动和提示抬手运动准备过程的脑功能网络、脑因效网络和动态因果模型，对比分析了二者的差异。研究发现:a)自主运动和提示运动准备过程都具有偏侧化现象，体现了大脑对侧控制的生理学特征;b)提示运动准备过程的脑网络比自主运动准备过程的脑网络更复杂，连接更紧密;c)SMA在运动准备过程中具有非常重要的作用，运动肢体对侧的SMA调制了其他脑区的活动;d)自主运动准备过程大脑活动的起始脑区为SMA，然后SMA对iFg和pCg发出信息，各脑区之间存在着反向信息流动;e)提示运动准备过程中最早做出响应的脑区是iFg，然后iFg对其余四个脑区发送信息，存在着从iFg到pCg长程连接。　　(4)首次建立了运动准备过程的大脑神经动力学模型，确定了能够产生运动相关电位信号的神经元集群动力学模型(Neural Mass Model，NMM)参数。利用DCM模型的结构和连接矩阵建立了自主运动和提示运动准备过程的NMM，用模型输出和真实脑电信号的相关性验证了所建模型的有效性。

关键词： Dysmetropsias   Somesthetic aura   Visual aura  

摘要： Objectives: Alice in Wonderland syndrome (AIWS) is a pathological condition characterized by distortions of visual representation, with symptoms deforming images, figures, bodies, objects, which are seen larger or smaller than normal. Causes are sought in infectious diseases, psychiatric illness, migraines. It may be associated with alterations in the body schema such as non-recognition of own body in space. It's a rare form of visual aura. Unlike it, migraine with aura is a very frequent disorder, in which the phenomenon of visual aura is considered a consequence of cortical spreading depression(CSD), a wave of depolarization that propagates from the occipital cortex, creating a vasoconstriction and visual disturbances. Methods: Recent studies have found an anatomical correlation between visual and somatosensory disorders such as those found in AIWS, located in the temporo- parieto-occipital *** studies allowed to identify the CSD and the occipital cortex responsible for the mechanism of the visual aura and the involvement of the parietal cortex in the genesis of the somatosensory aura. Results: The mechanism of the initiation of the stage of visual and somatosensory aura could be a combination of two events. Conclusions: Literature data now offer agreed confirmations on the role of the CSD associated to somatosensory aura. © 2019 Elsevier GmbH

关键词： 焦虑症   心理生理学   心率  

摘要： 通过对35例焦虑症患者和25名健康志愿者进行临床治疗,利用多导电生理仪对参加本次试验的患者编入试验组,志愿者编入对照组,并对其进行心理生理学指标的测试,在试验的1个月后进行再次调查.结果表明:焦虑症患者(试验组)的心率显著高于对照组的正常人.这说明心率可以作为评价焦虑症的重要指标.

关键词： Wakefulness   orexin   disorders of consciousness   traumatic brain injury   ascending reticular activating system   hypothalamus   PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE   MEDIAN NERVE   INDUCED COMA   POSTERIOR HYPOTHALAMUS   ELECTRICAL-STIMULATION   RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS   HYPOCRETINS OREXINS   KNOCKOUT MICE   GENE-TRANSFER   SLEEP  

摘要： Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause disorders of consciousness (DOC) by impairing the neuronal circuits of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) structures, including the hypothalamus, which are responsible for the maintenance of the wakefulness and awareness. However, the effectiveness of drugs targeting ARAS activation is still inadequate, and novel therapeutic modalities are urgently needed. Methods: The goal of this work is to describe the neural loops of wakefulness, and explain how these elements participate in DOC, with emphasis on the identification of potential new therapeutic options for DOC induced by TBI. Results: Hypothalamus has been identified as a sleep/wake center, and its anterior and posterior regions have diverse roles in the regulation of the sleep/wake function. In particular, the posterior hypothalamus (PH) possesses several types of neurons, including the orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) with widespread projections to other wakefulness-related regions of the brain. Orexins have been known to affect feeding and appetite, and recently their profound effect on sleep disorders and DOC has been identified. Orexin antagonists are used for the treatment of insomnia, and orexin agonists can be used for narcolepsy. Additionally, several studies demonstrated that the agonists of orexin might be effective in the treatment of DOC, providing novel therapeutic opportunities in this field. Conclusion: The hypothalamic-centered orexin has been adopted as the point of entry into the system of consciousness control, and modulators of orexin signaling opened several therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of DOC.

关键词： 意识障碍 神经生理学 研究  

ISBN: (纸本)9787562359036

摘要： 本书意图覆盖应用于意识障碍患者的整个神经生理学的临床与研究领域。内容涵盖从ICU开始的、包括EEG、诱发电位以及相关的预后判断等临床应用，应用于正处于意识损害的患者的探索性研究。前面部分章节给出了临床医生所需的最新信息，后面部分章节突出了当前最新的科学进展，最后对神经影像学进行了展望。

关键词： 焦虑症   生理心理学反应   治疗方法  

摘要： 目的:分析研究焦虑症患者心理生理学反应,并有针对性找到治疗方法.方法:选取2017年10月-2018年10月来我院治疗的焦虑症患者30例作为研究组,选取健康志愿者30例作为对照组,检测分析研究组和对照组模拟前后的心理生理学指标.结果:与对照组相比,研究组患者的心率和低频峰功率值较高,组间比较,P<0.05,差异显著,具有统计学意义;研究组患者组内比较,与模拟前相比,患者的焦虑特性分值与皮肤电压呈正相关关系,P<0.05,差异显著,具体统计学意义;汉密顿焦虑量表的精神焦虑因子减分和LF/HF1呈反向方向,P<0.05,差异显著,具体统计学意义;汉密顿焦虑量表中的躯体焦虑因子减分与脉搏血流图变化值也是反向关系,P<0.05,差异显著,具体统计学意义.结论:交感神经亢进是焦虑症患者的主要症状,心理和生理指标会发生一定关系的波动,临床疗效因此会受到影响.