摘要： "Review of “Atlas of Artifacts in Clinical Neurophysiology,” by William O. Tatum, IV." The Neurodiagnostic Journal, 59(3), pp. 181–182

关键词： colonic separation mechanism   hindgut fermenters   methane   passage kinetics   RABBITS ORYCTOLAGUS-CUNICULUS   PIGS CAVIA-PORCELLUS   FOOD-INTAKE   CECOTROPHY BEHAVIOR   PASSAGE MARKERS   RETENTION TIME   BODY-MASS   GUT FILL   DIET   COPROPHAGY  

摘要： The capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), the largest living rodent, probably has a "mucus-trap" colonic separation mechanism. To test this hypothesis, we measured the mean retention time of a solute marker (MRTSolute), 2 mm (MRT2 mm), 10 mm (MRT10 mm), and 20 mm (MRT20 mm) particle markers and nutrient digestibility in adult captive capybaras (27-52 kg body mass (BM), 2-11 yr). In addition, total gut fill and the selectivity factor (MRTSolute/MRT2 mm) were calculated, and mean faecal particle size and metabolic fecal nitrogen of captive capybaras were compared to those of free-ranging specimens. Finally, we also measured methane production in one animal. The MRT2 mm (29.2 +/- 8.2 hr) was different (p < 0.01) from MRTSolute (37.0 +/- 13.1 hr), MRT10 mm (36.5 +/- 8.2 hr), and MRT20 mm (35.1 +/- 9.6 hr). The selectivity factor (1.26 +/- 0.30) was in the range considered typical for a "mucus-trap" colonic separation mechanism. The estimated total gut fill was 1.50 +/- 0.37% and 1.73 +/- 0.25% of BM calculated from the results of the 2-mm and 10-mm particle markers, respectively. The CH4 emission was 13.7 L/day. Captive capybaras had greater mean fecal particle size (0.44 +/- 0.06 vs. 0.29 +/- 0.05 mm, p < 0.001) and metabolic fecal nitrogen (65.5 +/- 3.91 vs. 46.8 +/- 10.5% of fecal nitrogen, p < 0.001) than free-ranging capybaras. Organic matter digestibility decreased less steeply with increasing dietary crude fiber content in capybaras as compared to published data from rabbits or guinea pigs. Accordingly, the digestive physiology of the capybara is characterized by a comparatively high fiber digestibility, with a "mucus-trap" colonic separation mechanism, allowing capybaras to thrive on forage-only diets.

关键词： 神经生物学   教育实践   计算机断层扫描术   脑神经科学   神经生理学   生长发育阶段   神经心理测试   功能性磁共振  

摘要： 教育生物学(bio-education),是从生物学、神经生理学、神经心理学、脑神经科学的角度研究人类教育现象及其一般规律的学科。生物科学与教育科学相融合形成的一门交叉学科。其研究对象是人,着重研究处于接受教育和生长发育阶段的儿童和青少年个体及群体。借助生物医学手段,如神经心理测试、神经生物学的动物实验、神经生理学的检查,以及神经影像学的研究,包括脑计算机断层扫描术(CT)、脑电图(EEG),脑磁共振(MRI)、功能性磁共振(fMRI)、正电子扫描(PET)等,研究人体和人脑的本体结构及其发生发展以及人体和人脑的功能,包括学习、记忆、注意、认知、情感、创造、社会性等大脑活动的奥秘,并将科学研究成果广泛地应用于人类的教育实践。这些方法和技术在教育教学中的应用效果可以通过以生物医学客观指标变化为依据的检验,从而摒除既往评价标准的主观性。

关键词： 超声检查   电生理学   神经生理学   监测,手术中   显微外科手术  

摘要： 目的探讨联合应用B超及神经电生理监测在中央区病变切除术中的效果。方法回顾性分析36例中央区病变患者的病例资料,术中均联合应用B超及神经电生理监测。行神经电生理监测确定脑中央沟位置,根据B超显示肿瘤位置、大小、血运及周边血流情况,指导手术入路设计,显微镜下切除病灶,术后即时行彩超复查。结果 36例均行神经电生理监测,均在术中超声定位引导下进行显微手术切除。术后MRI显示,病变切除程度满意,神经上皮性肿瘤12例中,全切除9例,次全切除3例;非神经上皮性肿瘤24例均全切除。全组无手术死亡病例,患者术后一般情况均得到改善,术前肌力下降的15例患者均较术前明显恢复,手术疗效满意。结论术中联合应用B超及神经电生理监测技术,有利于大脑中央区病变的切除,减少脑组织损伤,且简单便捷、安全有效、费用较低。

关键词： 生物学   教育   征稿启事   杂志   上海交通大学   出版物号   生物科学   神经生理学  

摘要： 《教育生物学杂志》是由上海交通大学主管、上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院主办的我国第一本教育生物学领域国内外公开发行的学术性科技期刊。国内统一连续出版物号为CN31-2079/R,国际标准连续出版物号为ISSN2095-4301。教育生物学是生物科学与教育科学相融合的一门交叉学科,是从生物学、神经生理学、神经心理学、脑神经科学的角度研究人类教育现象及其一般规律的学科。

关键词： 应用型人才   植物生理学实验   教学改革  

摘要： 针对地方本科高校转型背景下园艺专业植物生理学实验教学过程中存在的问题,从教学内容、教学方法、成绩考核方式等方面对课程改革进行了初步探究,有效提高了实验课程的教学质量与效果,锻炼了学生创新思维与实践能力,为培养高素质应用型人才提供思路。

关键词： Automation   Computers   Decisions   Neurophysiology   HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY   SEX-DIFFERENCES   SOCIAL PROOF   AUTOMATION   EXPERIENCE   INFORMATICS   WORKLOAD   AVERSION   EMPATHY   GENDER  

摘要： OBJECTIVE: We measured neurophysiologic responses and task performance while participants solved mazes after choosing whether to adopt an imperfect helper algorithm. BACKGROUND: Every day we must decide whether to trust or distrust algorithms. Will an algorithm improve our performance on a task? What if we trust it too much? METHOD: Participants had to pay to use the algorithm and were aware that it offered imperfect help. We varied the information about the algorithm to assess the factors that affected adoption while measuring participants' peripheral neurophysiology. RESULTS: We found that information about previous adoption by others had a larger effect on adoption and resulted in lower cognitive load than did information about algorithm accuracy. The neurophysiologic measurement showed that algorithm adoption without any information resulted in low cognitive engagement during the task and impaired task performance. Conversely, algorithm use after information about others' use improved engagement and performance. CONCLUSION: By objectively measuring cognitive load and task performance, we identified how to increase algorithm adoption while sustaining high performance by human operators. APPLICATION: Algorithm adoption can be increased by sharing previous use information and performance improved by providing a reason to monitor the algorithm. Precis: We collected neurophysiologic data while varying information about an algorithm that assisted participants in solving a timed and incentivized maze and found that information about prior use by others more effectively influenced adoption, reduced cognitive load, and improved performance compared to algorithm accuracy information.

关键词： equilibrium   model   pursuit   saccade   symmetry   CAUDAL FASTIGIAL NUCLEUS   PRIMATE SUPERIOR COLLICULUS   SACCADIC BURST NEURONS   ALERT SQUIRREL-MONKEY   HUMAN SMOOTH-PURSUIT   PURKINJE-CELLS   OPTIC TRACT   TOPOGRAPHIC ORGANIZATION   VESTIBULOOCULAR REFLEX   MUSCIMOL INACTIVATION  

摘要： In this article, we perform a critical examination of assumptions that led to the assimilation of measurements of the movement of a rigid body in the physical world to parameters encoded within brain activity. In many neurophysiological studies of goal-directed eye movements, equivalence has indeed been made between the kinematics of the eyes or of a targeted object and the associated neuronal processes. Such a way of proceeding brings up the reduction encountered in projective geometry when a multidimensional object is being projected onto a one-dimensional segment. The measurement of a movement indeed consists of generation of a series of numerical values from which magnitudes such as amplitude, duration, and their ratio (speed) are calculated. By contrast, movement generation consists of activation of multiple parallel channels in the brain. Yet, for many years, kinematic parameters were supposed to be encoded in brain activity, even though the neuronal image of most physical events is distributed both spatially and temporally. After explaining why the "neuronalization" of such parameters is questionable for elucidating the neural processes underlying the execution of saccadic and pursuit eye movements, we propose an alternative to the framework that has dominated the last five decades. A viewpoint is presented in which these processes follow principles that are defined by intrinsic properties of the brain (population coding, multiplicity of transmission delays, synchrony of firing, connectivity). We propose reconsideration of the time course of saccadic and pursuit eye movements as the restoration of equilibria between neural populations that exert opposing motor tendencies.

关键词： Anatomic variation   Exostoses   Fibular nerve   Rehabilitation   Ultrasonography  

摘要： BACKGROUND: The purpose of this paper is to underline that the association L. Sh%Jical examination, electrophysiology, and ultrasound was crucial in identifying the correct disease and atypical characteristics of its presentation, in turn, providing proper information for both surgical treatment and a rehabilitation program. Fibular nerve compression is a common finding in the adult population, and it is more frequent at the fibular head. The clinical picture may be characterized by motor and/or sensory deficits. The same symptoms may sometimes be suggestive of root impairment. CASE DESCRIPTION: We report the case of a 39-year-old man who came to our laboratory with a diagnosis of multimetameric lumbosacral radiculopathy. The patient reported a history of ankle numbness and transient foot drop. Neurophysiologic examination showed peripheral axonal damage at tibialis anterior and lateral gastrocnemius muscles. A nerve ultrasound showed the presence of a conflict between a fibular exostosis and the fibular nerve. Furthermore, the fibular nerve presented an anatomic variation supplying the lateral gastrocnemius muscle. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound was crucial in recognizing the cause of the atypical presentation and avoiding a misdiagnosis. Also, it allowed the identification of the appropriate treatment and rehabilitation, as well as preventing irreversible nerve damage. As a result, critical information was presented to the surgeon for surgical treatment.