关键词： adolescent   EEG   sleep   twin   SLOW-WAVE ACTIVITY   ANTERIOR THALAMIC LESIONS   QUANTITATIVE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY   INDIVIDUAL-DIFFERENCES   SPINDLE ACTIVITY   EEG TOPOGRAPHY   SCHIZOPHRENIA   MEMORY   HERITABILITY   FINGERPRINT  

摘要： Sleep-specific oscillations of spindles and slow waves are generated through thalamocortical and corticocortical loops, respectively, and provide a unique opportunity to measure the integrity of these neuronal systems. Understanding the relative contribution of genetic factors to sleep oscillations is important for determining whether they constitute useful endophenotypes that mark vulnerability to psychiatric illness. Using high-density sleep EEG recordings in human adolescent twin pairs (n = 60; 28 females), we find that over posterior regions 80-90% of the variance in slow oscillations, slow wave, and spindle activity is due to genes. Surprisingly, slow (10-12 Hz) and fast (12-16 Hz) anterior spindle amplitude and sigma power are largely driven by environmental factors shared among the twins. To our knowledge this is the first example of a neural phenotype that exhibits a strong influence of nature in one brain region, and nurture in another. Overall, our findings highlight the utility of the sleep EEG as a reliable and easy to measure endophenotype during adolescence. This measure may be used to measure disease risk in development before the onset of a psychiatric disorder; the location within the brain of deficits in sleep neurophysiology may suggest whether the ultimate cause is genetic or environmental.

关键词： BLOOD-BRAIN-BARRIER   CEREBROSPINAL-FLUID PRODUCTION   CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM   ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH-FACTOR   INNATE LYMPHOID-CELLS   BETA-AMYLOID PROTEIN   INTERSTITIAL FLUID   CHOROID-PLEXUS   ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE   IMMUNE-SYSTEM  

摘要： The nature of fluid dynamics within the brain parenchyma is a focus of intensive research. Of particular relevance is its participation in diseases associated with protein accumulation and aggregation in the brain, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The meningeal lymphatic vessels have recently been recognized as an important player in the complex circulation and exchange of soluble contents between the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the interstitial fluid (ISF). In aging mammals, for example, impaired functioning of the meningeal lymphatic vessels can lead to accelerated accumulation of toxic amyloid beta protein in the brain parenchyma, thus aggravating AD-related pathology. Given that meningeal lymphatic vessels are functionally linked to paravascular influx/efflux of the CSF/ISF, and in light of recent findings that certain cytokines, classically perceived as immune molecules, exert neuromodulatory effects, it is reasonable to suggest that the activity of meningeal lymphatics could alter the accessibility of CSF-borne immune neuromodulators to the brain parenchyma, thereby altering their effects on the brain. Accordingly, in this Perspective we propose that the meningeal lymphatic system can be viewed as a novel player in neurophysiology.

关键词： Pain   Neurophysiology knowledge   Pain education   Physical therapy   CHRONIC MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN   NEUROSCIENCE EDUCATION   PHYSIOTHERAPY STUDENTS   BACK-PAIN   ATTITUDES   HEALTH   CURRICULA   CONSEQUENCES   PREVALENCE   BELIEFS  

摘要： Background: Pain is a leading cause of disability and accounts for many hospital and physical therapy visits. Current pain science understanding has evolved and changed substantially in the past 20 years; however, university health science curricula may not have progressed at the same rate. This study aimed to examine knowledge about pain neurophysiology among physical therapy students in Saudi Arabia, and to compare their knowledge across different education levels and by gender. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted to examine the pain neurophysiology knowledge among college physical therapy students in Saudi Arabia. The Revised Neurophysiology of Pain Questionnaire (12 items) was used. Descriptive statistics including frequencies and percentages were used to describe the sample. Analysis of variance and t-test were also used to examine the significant differences between scores. Results: Physical therapy students (n = 202) from 18 different universities in Saudi Arabia participated in this study. The mean score of the participants on the questionnaire was 6.20 +/- 2.07 (i.e., 52% +/- 17%) and there was no significance difference between males and females. There was a statistically significant incremental increase in total score through the educational process (P < 0.05); however, this increase was very small comparing early- and final educational-level students (8% in RNPQ). Conclusion: While final year physical therapy students showed higher levels of pain science knowledge than those at the beginning of their course, the magnitude of the difference was small and likely of little meaningful relevance. This may reflect the need for more emphasis on pain science in the physical therapy curriculum in Saudi Arabia.

关键词： Neurophysiology  

摘要： Clinical neurophysiology has a long-standing history and value in the diagnosis of neurologic diseases. Because of their unique ability to assess physiology and function of the nervous system, electroencephalography (EEG), evoked potentials, electromyography (EMG), and polysomnography have long been used in the diagnostic evaluation of epilepsies, demyelinating disorders, neuromuscular disorders, sleep disorders, and other diseases affecting the central and peripheral nervous systems. The role of these tests and clinical neurophysiology in general has usually ended upon diagnosis. New applications of these trusted techniques are changing old perceptions. Continuous EEG monitoring has found new value in not only diagnosis but also in treatment of nonconvulsive seizures and status epilepticus. Visual evoked potentials have been shown to be a biomarker for assessment of demyelination and remyelination associated with treatment of multiple sclerosis. Various EMG techniques can be used to independently assess improvement or otherwise of many neuromuscular diseases. The use of these techniques in the treatment of various neurologic disorders is the next frontier for clinical neurophysiology. ©, This work was authored as part of the Contributor’s official duties as an Employee of the United States Government and is therefore a work of the United States Government. In accordance with 17 U.S.C. 105, no copyright protection is available for such works under US Law.

关键词： Melanoidins   Gastric evacuation   Gut pH   Digestive proteases   Nutrient digestibility   Plasmatic antioxidant capacity   MAILLARD REACTION-PRODUCTS   DISTILLERS DRIED GRAINS   GASTROINTESTINAL-TRACT   MODEL SYSTEMS   BREAD CRUST   FISH-MEAL   PROTEIN   TRYPSIN   GLUCOSE   RATS  

摘要： Melanoidins are complex molecules usually found within dietary matrixes suffering heating steps during the production process. These compounds are known to exert a number of negative effects on the digestibility of nutrients and digestive enzymes in mammals, but also determines an increase in the antioxidant capacity of the diet with potential effects for animal health. In the present work, digestive and nutritional consequences of the ingestion of glucose-glycine melanoidins were tested in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), which was fed two non-heated, pelletized diets: a control diet without melanoidins and an alternative diet containing 1.2% of glucose-glycine melanoidins. The results pointed to a small effect on gut pH in interaction with digestion time, and a lack of effect on gastric evacuation and digestive proteases. In addition, melanoidins were associated with a small increase in the digestibility of the diet dry matter, leaving unchanged nitrogen and phosphorus digestibility. On the other hand, melanoidins determined a complex increase in the postprandial antioxidant capacity of blood plasma, particularly apparent in the antioxidant components above 3 kDa.

关键词： 无抽搐电休克治疗   精神分裂症   认知功能  

摘要： 精神分裂症是精神科常见的慢性精神疾病,该疾病预后差、易复发,为家庭及社会带来沉重负担。精神分裂症的治疗措施多样,除药物治疗外,物理治疗中以无抽搐电休克治疗(modified electroconvulsive therapy,MECT)为主。尽管MECT在临床治疗中有着诸多优点,但MECT引起的认知不良反应一直是临床工作中的棘手问题。既往大多数研究认为MECT对精神分裂症患者的认知功能有损害作用。但是近年来这一传统观点正受到挑战,越来越多的研究表明,MECT在缓解症状的基础上,亦可能改善其认知功能。据此,本文总结了近年来国内外MECT对认知功能影响的研究,进而分析其对认知的影响及可能的机制。

关键词： 创新能力   植物生理学实验   教学改革  

摘要： 本文以植物生理学实验课程为研究对象,结合延边大学生理教研室在教学过程中的实践经验,从个人观点和经验出发,以提高学生创新能力为目标在实验方法设计和改进实验考核制度等方面进行了一系列的改革。通过实践,大大提高了学生们实验操作的能力,也促进了学生综合素质的提升和创新能力的提高。

关键词： Feedback negativity   Reward positivity   Development   Family study   Error-related negativity   BLUNTED NEURAL RESPONSE   EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS   REWARD POSITIVITY   EARLY ADOLESCENCE   SEX-DIFFERENCES   DEPRESSION   NEGATIVITY   VULNERABILITY   CHILDHOOD   BEHAVIOR  

摘要： The feedback negativity (FN) and reward positivity (RewP) are event-related brain potentials (ERPs) that follow the presentation of negative and positive feedback information, respectively, and have become the focus of recent research on psychopathology because of their associations with symptom severity of and risk for depression. We advanced our understanding of these feedback-related ERPs by examining developmental differences, familial transmission, and associations with error-monitoring ERPs. Parents and their children completed parallel, developmentally-tailored guessing and go/no-go tasks while feedback- and error-related ERPs were measured. We found that the Delta FN and RewP amplitudes increased with age and were larger in males than females among the child participants. The RewP also demonstrated familial transmission between fathers and their children. Finally, the FN and RewP were associated with error-related ERPs in children and adults, albeit in different ways. The current findings demonstrate that the FN and RewP have promise as developmentally sensitive neural markers of reward and action monitoring processes associated with risk for psychopathology.

关键词： alpha oscillations   audiovisual asynchrony   audiovisual integration   event-related potentials   HUMAN AUDITORY-CORTEX   SPEECH-PERCEPTION   ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE   SIMULTANEITY JUDGMENTS   TEMPORAL-ORDER   INFORMATION   SYNCHRONY  

摘要： We tested the predictions of the dynamic reweighting model (DRM) of audiovisual (AV) speech integration, which posits that spectrotemporally reliable (informative) AV speech stimuli induce a reweighting of processing from low-level to high-level auditory networks. This reweighting decreases sensitivity to acoustic onsets and in turn increases tolerance to AV onset asynchronies (AVOA). EEG was recorded while subjects watched videos of a speaker uttering trisyllabic nonwords that varied in spectrotemporal reliability and asynchrony of the visual and auditory inputs. Subjects judged the stimuli as in-sync or out-ofsync. Results showed that subjects exhibited greater AVOA tolerance for non-blurred than blurred visual speech and for less than more degraded acoustic speech. Increased AVOA tolerance was reflected in reduced amplitude of the P1-P2 auditory evoked potentials, a neurophysiological indication of reduced sensitivity to acoustic onsets and successful AV integration. There was also sustained visual alpha band (8-14 Hz) suppression (desynchronization) following acoustic speech onsets for nonblurred vs. blurred visual speech, consistent with continuous engagement of the visual system as the speech unfolds. The current findings suggest that increased spectrotemporal reliability of acoustic and visual speech promotes robust AV integration, partly by suppressing sensitivity to acoustic onsets, in support of the DRM's reweighting mechanism. Increased visual signal reliability also sustains the engagement of the visual system with the auditory system to maintain alignment of information across modalities.