关键词： microbiome   ruminants   sheep and goats   tannins   REDUCE METHANE EMISSIONS   PROLINE-RICH PROTEINS   CONDENSED TANNINS   LOTUS-CORNICULATUS   IN-VITRO   NITROGEN-METABOLISM   RUMINAL BACTERIUM   TEMPERATE FORAGES   RUBISCO PROTEIN   EC 4.1.1.39  

摘要： Comparative aspects of plant tannins on digestive physiology, nutrition and microbial community in sheep and goats are discussed in the context of differences due to feed intake, digestibility, utilization of nutrients and microbial community. The purpose of this review was to present an overview of the potential benefits of tannin-containing diets for sheep and goats and specie differences in their response to tannins. It is well established that moderate level of tannins in the diet (3%-4% tannins DM) can precipitate with soluble proteins and increase protein supply to the sheep, but comparative aspects of tannin-containing diets in sheep and goats on animal performance, digestive physiology, rumen microbial changes and potential benefits to sustainable animal production by those compounds have received little attention. In addition, developing plant-based tannin-containing diets for control of rumen microbiota and rumen fermentation (e.g., methane gas) would be expected to have a greater impact on the ruminant health, productivity and emission of greenhouse gasses. The positive impacts of the plant tannin compounds mainly depend on their influence on the gut microbiome diversity and ability to generate fermentation end products (short-chain fatty acids) that have diverse biological roles. Diets which contain optimal levels of tannins have potential benefits for sustainability of small ruminant production systems. However, there is a need for an improved understanding of the utilization of tannin-containing forages to improve their management. This implies investigations of animal responses to tannin-containing forages or browse species and, in particular, a better understanding of the interactions that can arise between sheep and goats on digestion, DMD, rumen fermentation and microbial community changes. This knowledge could help to improve current feeding systems in terms of efficiency of feed use and environmental impacts (reduce methane gas production) and th

关键词： AUTOMATIC RECOGNITION   MODEL  

关键词： depression   pre-end stage renal disease   self-efficacy   self-management   CHRONIC KIDNEY-DISEASE   QUALITY-OF-LIFE   PSYCHOMETRIC EVALUATION   HOSPITAL ANXIETY   DEPRESSION   PROGRAM   PROGRESSION   PREVALENCE   INSTRUMENT   EFFICACY  

摘要： AimEnd-stage renal disease (ESRD) not only threatens a patient's life expectancy but also burdens the family and society with medical expenses. The mortality and prevalence rates are extremely high in Taiwan. Thus, this articleinvestigated the effectiveness of an innovative self-management program on the physiology, psychology, and management of patients with pre-ESRD. MethodsThis study was designed as a randomized, controlled trial and was set in the department of nephrology in a regional teaching hospital in Taiwan. In total, 112 patients with pre-ESRD were assigned randomly to either an experimental (n = 67) or a control (n = 45) group. The baseline data collection included physiological indicators, psychological factors (depression, anxiety), and measures of self-efficacy and self-management. Routine hospital care was provided for the control group after the pretest and an innovative self-management intervention was used in the experimental group for 4 weeks after the pretest. The effectiveness of the intervention was evaluated 3 months later. ResultsImprovements in the physiological indicators, such as blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, and the psychological indicators, such as depression, self-efficacy, and self-management, reached statistical significance. ConclusionThe innovative self-management program effectively decreased patients' functional indicators (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine) and level of depression and enhanced their self-efficacy and self-management.

关键词： 生物学   教育   生长发育阶段   生物科学   神经生理学   神经心理学   脑神经科学   交叉学科  

摘要： 教育生物学（bio-education）,是从生物学、神经生理学、神经心理学、脑神经科学的角度研究人类教育现象及其一般规律的学科.生物科学与教育科学相融合形成的一门交叉学科.其研究对象是人,着重研究处于接受教育和生长发育阶段的儿童和青少年个体及群体.

关键词： Sleep   Penile erection   Sleep-related erection   REM sleep   Michel Jouvet   History of sleep medicine   FREELY MOVING CATS   PARADOXICAL SLEEP   RAT   NEURONS   CYCLE   MECHANISMS   SEROTONIN   AROUSAL   WAKING  

摘要： Michel Jouvet established a tradition of sleep neurophysiology that inspired several generations of sleep researchers. When I arrived in his laboratory in 1991, it was known that erection cycles occur during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in humans. However, it was not known if such erections in sleep occurred in other species, or how REM-related erections were controlled. Employing the classical techniques and systematic approach of Jouvet and his team, I embarked on a journey of discovery. Not only were fundamental principles of REM-related erectile control identified, such as the critical role of the lateral preoptic area in the forebrain, but I also gained a deep appreciation of the scientific approach in the Jouvet tradition. Such insights passed on to his many students, together with a lifetime of friendships and collaborations, have left an indelible mark on our field. (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Soybean meal   Fishmeal   Pancreatic digestive enzymes   Bile   Gut transit rates   TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS   YELLOWTAIL SERIOLA-QUINQUERADIATA   FINGERLING RAINBOW-TROUT   SALMON SALMO-SALAR   ATLANTIC SALMON   FISH-MEAL   INTESTINAL MORPHOLOGY   GROWTH-PERFORMANCE   DISTAL INTESTINE   GENE-EXPRESSION  

摘要： To clarify the effects of dietary soybean meal (SBM) on the digestive physiology of red seabream Pagrus major, two isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets; a fishmeal-based diet (diet FM) and a SBM-based diet (diet SBM), were prepared and the acute and chronic effects of the diets on the digestive physiology of the fish were examined. In the acute effects trial ( < 48 h), the only difference observed was a lower level of trypsin activity in the intestinal content of the SBM group than the FM group, indicating that SBM administration reduces trypsin secretion on a short-term basis. In the chronic effects trial (six weeks), there were clear differences in several parameters assessed. There was a clear retardation of growth in fish fed the SBM diet, in addition to a faster gastric transit rate, stacked intestinal content, lower gallbladder weight, lower activities/gene expression levels of hepatopancreatic enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase and/or lipase) and reduced protease activity (trypsin and chymotrypsin) in the intestinal content compared to fish fed the FM diet. Taken together, these results indicate that feeding SBM over a long period (chronic exposure) leads to reduced storage, production and secretion of bile and pancreatic digestive enzymes. SBM protein does not appear to fully activate or stimulate the digestive system of red seabream in either the short or long term. This may be due to a lack of stimulation or to an inhibitory effect that becomes more pronounced on a long-term basis. Such inhibition of the digestive process may be one of the main reasons for the low growth performance observed in fish fed SBM-based diets.

关键词： adolescent psychiatry   physical conditioning   physical fitness   young adult   PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY   DISORDERS   FITNESS   PEOPLE   CARE  

摘要： The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the utilisation and experience of an exercise physiology programme, known as Bod Squad at a youth mental health service. Individual sessions were offered in an outpatient setting, while both group and individual sessions occurred in an inpatient unit. This pilot study used a mixed methodology to collect data from young people who attended Bod Squad. A database of exercise physiology records for 47 young people were analysed for attendance and physiological indicators. In addition, 7 semi-structured interviews were conducted with young people to explore their experience of Bod Squad. Young people attended a total of 169 sessions during the programmes tenure, with an overall mean of 3.6 sessions. Pre-post measures for 10 young people (who had attended at least 4 sessions) showed modest average reductions for body mass index, waist circumference, chest circumference and resting heart rate. Five themes emerged from the interviews(1) My reasons for attending, (2) The social aspect, (3) An individualized approach, (4) Outcomes from Bod Squad and (5) My experience of the service. All of these themes included positive experiences of Bod Squad, which young people perceived as relevant to their needs and helpful to their recovery. These findings are congruent with previous studies that have concluded that exercise physiology may be an effective, acceptable and valued intervention for addressing physical and metabolic health issues for young people.

关键词： PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS   OF-FUNCTION MUTATIONS   RESISTANT NA+ CURRENT   SODIUM-CHANNEL   NEUROPATHIC PAIN   SPINAL-CORD   AGE   PREVALENCE   HEALTH   LIFE  

摘要： Despite pain prevalence altering with age, the effects of aging on the properties of nociceptors are not well understood. Nociceptors, whose somas are located in dorsal root ganglia, are frequently divided into two groups based on their ability to bind isolectin B4 (IB4). Here, using cultured neurons from 1-, 3-, 5-, 8-, 12-, and 18-month-old mice, we investigate age-dependent changes in IB4-positive and IB4-negative neurons. Current-clamp experiments at physiological temperature revealed nonlinear changes in firing frequency of IB4-positive, but not IB4-negative neurons, with a peak at 8 months. This was likely due to the presence of proexcitatory conductances activated at depolarized membrane potentials and significantly higher input resistances found in IB4-positive neurons from 8-month-old mice. Repetitive firing in nociceptors is driven primarily by the TTX-resistant sodium current, and indeed, IB4-positive neurons from 8-month-old mice were found to receive larger contributions from the TTX-resistant window current around the resting membrane potential. To further address the mechanisms behind these differences, we performed RNA-seq experiments on IB4-positive and IB4-negative neurons from 1-, 8-, and 18-month-old mice. We found a larger number of genes significantly affected by age within the IB4-positive than IB4-negative neurons from 8-month-old mice, including known determinants of nociceptor excitability. The above pronounced age-dependent changes at the cellular and molecular levels in IB4-positive neurons point to potential mechanisms behind the reported increase in pain sensitivity in middle-aged rodents and humans, and highlight the possibility of targeting a particular group of neurons in the development of age-tailored pain treatments.

关键词： 儿童感统教育   神经生理学   感统教育实践  

摘要： 神经生理学是儿童感觉统合临床研究的基础。本研究通过对感觉统合的神经生理研究概述、神经生理实验以及感统训练的神经生理基础进行分析讨论,为感统教育寻得更为深刻和科学的神经生理学依据,增强对儿童感统教育的认识。在此基础上,对儿童感统教育进行思考和展望：感统教育有利于儿童心智的发展,但在教育过程中应避免＂神经神话＂,感统神经生理学的研究有利于改变儿童感统教育缺乏生理依据的现象,应有效利用神经生理学的研究成果来促进感统教育实践。