摘要： Objective Prior research has illustrated there is a knowledge gap in neurology residents' neurophysiology education (EEG and EMG), and we sought to understand whether this is still an issue and to recognize the barriers in order to create solutions and improve education. Methods Surveys were developed for adult neurology residents and one for program directors asking about confidence in neurophysiology knowledge, percent of graduates reaching level 4 ACGME (American Council of Graduate Medical Education) milestones in EEG and EMG, methods of learning used, interest in the subjects, and suggestions for improvements. Results Twenty-six program directors (19% responder rate) and 55 residents (from at least 16 different programs) completed the survey. Program directors thought that 85% of graduating residents met level 4 milestones in EEG and only 75% in EMG. Structured rotations and more time allocated to education of these topics were frequent barriers mentioned. Postgraduate year 4 residents were 60% and 67% confident in EEG and 64%, 59%, and 62.3% in EMG level 4 milestones. Learning to read EEGs was considered important throughout residents' training; however, this interest and value decreased over time with EMG. Conclusion In our study, program directors suspect up to a quarter of residents may graduate not meeting level 4 ACGME milestones, and residents expressed lack of confidence in these areas. The educational methods used to instruct residents in EEG and EMG were similar as were the barriers they face across programs. This information hopefully will help fuel curriculum design and interest in these important neurology techniques.

关键词： 孤独症谱系障碍   神经生理学   生物化学   免疫学  

摘要： 孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)是一种神经发育障碍性疾病,严重影响患儿的生活质量,给家庭造成了沉重的心理负担。目前,ASD的诊断仍基于儿童的行为特征及其发育史,治疗以行为疗法为主。ASD发病机制尚未阐明,没有统一的生物学标记。近年神经生理学研究发现,ASD患儿脑电图、脑磁图均有异常表现。生物化学研究认为,ASD脑脊液异常增多,5-羟色氨酸、褪黑素、甲状腺激素及促甲状腺激素等均有异常改变。免疫学研究支持ASD致病与患儿自身及母体免疫反应异常有关,检出患儿体内异常表达的细胞因子及母体羊水中的胎儿反应性抗体。

关键词： 人工智能   综合性学科   计算机科学   神经生理学   英文缩写   机器智能   控制论   信息论  

摘要： 人工智能（Artificial Intelligence），英文缩写为AI，也称机器智能。“人工智能”一词最初是在1956年Dart—mouth学会上提出的。它是计算机科学、控制论、信息论、神经生理学、心理学、语言学等多种学科互相渗透而发展起来的一门综合性学科。

关键词： 精囊   神经受体   腺上皮   平滑肌  

摘要： 精囊参与射精过程中精液的汇聚,其收缩后排出的精囊液约占精液量的50%~80%,其分泌物果糖是精子成熟必不可少的营养物质,故精囊是与精液量和精子质量有密切关系的雄性附属性腺。精液汇聚过程中,交感神经和副交感神经对精囊上皮分泌功能和平滑肌层收缩功能的调控,以及精囊上皮和平滑肌层中肾上腺能神经受体、胆碱能神经受体、多巴胺能神经受体及各种神经递质受体的分布,对于男性生育能力具有重要影响,现就射精过程中精囊的神经生理学效应的研究进展作一综述。

关键词： 病理生理学   痉挛性发声障碍   生理学特征   文献综述   辅助诊断   神经生理学   科学共识   发音障碍  

摘要： 目前关于SD的研究主要集中在管理策略上,对SD的病理生理学和特征的理解有限,本文描述最近在识别潜在的SD的神经生理学和新的辅助诊断方面所取得的进展。由于缺乏SD诊断标准的科学共识,且其他发音障碍的表现与之类似,因此很难对SD进行诊断,导致诊断延误。一项研究表明,明确诊断的时间可长达4.43年,在确诊之前,患者平均向3.95名医生咨询。

关键词： NEUROPHYSIOLOGY   AXONS   MICE as laboratory animals  

摘要： Introduction Non-invasive threshold-tracking techniques have been used in vivo to probe the biophysical basis of many neuromuscular conditions in human subjects. However, there are ethical and practical limitations to the study of human subjects, and mouse models provide an alternative and complementary path. Transgenic mouse models and the use of mice during drug development make them attractive targets for axonal excitability studies. Aims The objective of this study was to develop a mouse model that would allow the valid comparison of the excitability of both motor and sensory axons in mice to that of humans. Methods Axonal excitability studies were performed in mice by stimulating at the base of the tail using non-polarisable Ag/AgCl ring electrodes and recording CMAP and SNAP responses distally using platinum needle electrodes. The results were compared to human studies, and a mathematical model of the excitability of mouse axons was developed. Results Forty-nine threshold-tracking studies were performed in mice aged 16–20 weeks with no adverse outcomes (30 M/19F). The excitability waveforms of mice were qualitatively similar to those recorded from human median nerve at the wrist. Mathematical modelling suggested that mouse and human axons are structurally similar, and that the differences are due to smaller Na + , larger fast K + , smaller slow K + and larger hyperpolarization-activated currents. Conclusions Motor and sensory excitability studies are readily achievable in mature mice. The results and modelling suggest that, while there are quantitative differences in mouse and human axons, structurally the same channels and morphology underlie their excitability. As is the case in human studies on median nerve at the wrist, the mouse tail provides a valid model of axonal excitability, and this allows the assessment of motor and sensory function. This technique and the mathematical model should be useful for translational studies.

关键词： 音乐作品   故事   第二语言   有效证明   神经生理学   能力的培养   跨文化意识   小学生  

摘要： 音乐是人类的第二语言,是一种心灵的产物。聆听同一首音乐,可以使不同民族、不同区域、不同语言的人们产生共情,引起心灵悸动。当代脑科学、神经生理学以及大量临床医学研究证明,音乐和歌曲能刺激大脑,开发大脑的潜力,给学生带来学习的快感。以上案例有效证明,将音乐和歌曲合理运用在小学英语学科中,既满足了小学生的情感需求,还有效实现了学生跨文化意识和国际理解能力的培养。

关键词： dietary protein and carbohydrate   digestive enzyme   life span   nutritional index   the Indianmeal moth   LIFE TABLE PARAMETERS   INDIAN MEAL MOTH   HUBNER LEPIDOPTERA   HOST PLANTS   HELICOVERPA-ARMIGERA   ALPHA-AMYLASE   COLEOPTERA DERMESTIDAE   AMYLOLYTIC ACTIVITY   INSECT HERBIVORE   NOCTUIDAE LARVAE  

摘要： In this study, life history and nutritional indices of Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was evaluated on six food commodities: dried fig, dried wheat germ, dried white mulberry, groundnut, pistachio, and raisin, compared with artificial diet. The influence of dietary macronutrient content on digestive alpha-amylase was also assessed. A delay in the developmental time of P. interpunctella immature stages was detected when larvae were fed on raisin. The highest survival rate of immature stages was on the artificial diet, and the lowest was on raisin. The highest realized fecundity and fertility were recorded for the females reared on artificial diet. Overall, fourth instar P. interpunctella reared on artificial diet had the highest relative consumed and growth rate, and lowest rates were observed in larvae fed raisin. Amylolytic activity and isoform patterns varied depending on larval instar and diets, but were higher for larvae fed artificial diet with moderate carbohydrate and protein. Zymograms showed the presence of three isoforms of alpha-amylase in midgut extracts of P. interpunctella fed different diets. Larvae fed dried white mulberry, fig, and raisin had one (A2) alpha-amylase isoform. The data suggest that dietary carbohydrate and protein content induce changes in nutritional efficiency, development, and alpha-amylase activity. A survey of the differences in digestive enzyme activity in response to macronutrient balance and imbalance highlight their importance in the nutrition of insects.

关键词： brain oscillations   cerebral maturation   development   event-related potentials   working memory   EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS   TYPICALLY DEVELOPING-CHILDREN   CONTRALATERAL DELAY ACTIVITY   AGE-RELATED DIFFERENCES   SHORT-TERM-MEMORY   BRAIN POTENTIALS   VISUAL-SEARCH   NEURAL BASIS   NEUROCOGNITIVE EVALUATION   INDIVIDUAL-DIFFERENCES  

摘要： Working memory (WM) is an important cognitive function that is necessary to perform our daily activities. The present review briefly describes the most accepted models underlying WM and the neural networks involved in its processing. The review focuses on how the neurophysiological mechanisms develop with age in the periods from childhood to adolescence and young adulthood. Studies using behavioral, neuroimaging, and electrophysiological techniques showed the progress of WM throughout the development. The present review focuses on the neurophysiology of the basic processes underlying WM operations, as indicated by electroencephalogram-derived signals, in order to take advantage of the excellent time resolution of this technique. Children and adults use similar cerebral mechanisms and areas to encode, recognize, and keep the stimuli in memory and update the WM contents, although adults rely more on anterior sites. The possibility that a functional reorganization of WM brain processing occurs around the adolescent period is suggested, and would partly justify the high prevalence of the emergence of mental pathology in the adolescent period.

关键词： browse   C-3   C-4   grass   methane   protein   PIGS CAVIA-PORCELLUS   METHANE PRODUCTION   AFRICAN BOVIDAE   BONE-COLLAGEN   BODY-MASS   FRACTIONATION   DELTA-C-13   RUMINANTS   VALUES   TISSUE  

摘要： Stable carbon isotope analyses of vertebrate hard tissues such as bones, teeth, and tusks provide information about animal diets in ecological, archeological, and paleontological contexts. There is debate about how carbon isotope compositions of collagen and apatite carbonate differ in terms of their relationship to diet, and to each other. We evaluated relationships between C-13(collagen) and C-13(carbonate) among free-ranging southern African mammals to test predictions about the influences of dietary and physiological differences between species. Whereas the slopes of C-13(collagen)-C-13(carbonate) relationships among carnivores are 1, herbivore C-13(collagen) increases with increasing dietary C-13 at a slower rate than does C-13(carbonate), resulting in regression slopes >1. This outcome is consistent with predictions that herbivore C-13(collagen) is biased against low protein diet components (C-13-enriched C-4 grasses in these environments), and C-13(carbonate) is C-13-enriched due to release of C-13-depleted methane as a by-product of microbial fermentation in the digestive tract. As methane emission is constrained by plant secondary metabolites in browse, the latter effect becomes more pronounced with higher levels of C-4 grass in the diet. Increases in C-13(carbonate) are also larger in ruminants than nonruminants. Accordingly, we show that C-13(collagen)-(carbonate) spacing is not constant within herbivores, but increases by up to 5 parts per thousand across species with different diets and physiologies. Such large variation, often assumed to be negligible within trophic levels, clearly cannot be ignored in carbon isotope-based diet reconstructions.