关键词： restless legs syndrome   periodic limb movements   pathophysiology   animal studies   dopamine   opioids   neurophysiology  

摘要： Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a heterogeneous disorder encompassing genetically caused types with early onset and acquired varieties occurring later in life. Genetic studies in the near future will most likely discover more than one causative gene. The acquired cases too have different etiologies ranging from idiopathic types to secondary forms with uremia, iron depletion, polyneuropathy and others. Here we aim to correlate typical RLS symptoms, such as the sensory symptoms at rest, the reduction of the complaint in response to movement or other physical stimuli, the dominant involvement of the legs, pain, circadian rhythm, and the responsiveness to dopaminergic drugs with neurophysiological features of the central nervous system. We outline the complexity of the neural structures involved and their connections. A diversity of hypothetical affections of different neuronal levels might lead to various combinations of RLS symptomatology. No single pathophysiological explanation has yet been developed that covers all clinical features. (C) 2004 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： restless legs   diagnosis   polysomnography   actigraphy   periodic limb movements   sleep   electromyography   clinical grading   therapeutic evaluation   suggested immobilization test  

摘要： Objective: The restless legs syndrome is a common sensorimotor disorder impacting on sleep which has been known for centuries, but only recently become recognized as a significant clinical and pathophysiological problem. The definition of RLS has evolved until certain key clinical features have been defined as diagnostic, while others are strongly associated: the urge to move is seen as primary. Epidemiology suggests ethnic variation with highest frequency in populations of European origin;family and genetic studies support a genetic basis to many idiopathic cases while links to secondary disorders usually involving low iron stores are also known. Abnormalities of brain iron transport and consequent dysfunction of the dopamine system are suspected sources of the disorder. Methods: The literature was searched for all references relating clinical neurophysiologic investigations to the diagnosis, assessment, and characterization of RLS. Results: RLS is defined clinically and diagnosed by medical history while its frequent concomitant, periodic limb movements (PLM), must be diagnosed by polysomnography or movement recording. Severity of RLS is generally assessed by subjective measures, but sleep recording and measurement of PLM frequency and association with sleep disruption are also used to measure severity. A provocative test, the suggested immobilization test, can also be used with both subjective and movement recording. RLS and PLM in RLS are both associated with the circadian cycle and are maximal early in the sleep period. PLM appear to be associated both with unstable EEG phases involving the cyclic alternating pattern and cyclical autonomic changes whose initiation may precede the muscle activity. Conclusions: While RLS remains a subjective disorder, neurophysiologic measures have been important, especially for assessment. Ambulatory methodologies may offer the most accurate and economical means of assessing motor activity as a key marker of RLS and of accuratel

关键词： carbofuran   IPBC   mancozeb   electro-olfactogram   AChE  

摘要： Many freshwater aquatic environments in the Pacific Northwest of North America contain neurotoxic pesticides, an issue of concern given the use of many of these habitats by Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus sp.). Pesticides such as carbamates are known to affect fundamental physiological systems (such as the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE)), and have been shown to affect salmonid olfactory-mediated behaviors. A neurophysiological measure of olfactory function, the electro-olfactogram (EOG), was used in this study to examine the impacts of acute localized exposure to three carbamates (the insecticide carbofuran, the antisapstain IPBC, and the fungicide mancozeb) on olfactory function in the coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). We also examine the potential for these pesticides to alter AChE levels in the,primary olfactory system and brain with brief exposures (30 min to only the olfactory rosette (OR)). In results, we find that the EOG in coho salmon is highly sensitive to brief localized exposures of two of these three carbamate pesticides. The effective nominal concentration required to cause a 50% reduction in EOG amplitude (EC50) for carbofuran was 10.4 mug/l and for IPBC was 1.28 mug/l. For mancozeb, the EC50 was higher at 2.05 mg/l. All three carbamates also affected AChE activity levels in the OR and brain (BR): carbofuran exposure at 200 mug/l significantly inhibited AChE activity in the OR, and both IPBC and mancozeb significantly increased AChE activity in BR at multiple concentrations with acute localized exposure. These carbamate effects highlight the sensitivity of salmon olfactory neurophysiology to pesticides acting not only potentially via AChE-inhibition, but also by other currently unknown modes of action. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： 模糊思维   智慧   神经生理学   生活环境   人生  

摘要： 所谓'模糊思维',是指在思维活动中关于客观事物相互联系和相互取长补短中所显示出来的'可此可彼'的具有模棱两可和不确定性的思维现象.'模糊思维'中的'模糊'两字是从'模糊'数学中借用过来的,并无含糊不清的意思.

关键词： 爆震伤   面神经   神经生理学  

摘要： 目的:面神经电图是一种客观评价面神经功能的方法,对面神经损伤后的功能测试及评估预后有帮助。观察兔颌面部爆炸伤后面神经的神经电图改变,探讨其临床诊断价值。方法:选用点状爆炸源,距健康雄性新西兰大白兔面部2mm处引爆致伤。分别于伤后于伤后即刻,1,3,7,15,30,60d分别进行面神经电图测定,观察面神经电图的变化。结果:兔颌面部爆炸伤后面神经电图的各项指标都有降低或减弱。伤后即刻,面神经电图各项指标与正常对照组相比差异并无显著性意义;伤后1d,复合动作电位反应波波幅(amplitude,AM)、复合动作电位反应波最大积分面积(squareofmaximum,SM)均有所下降,运动神经传导潜伏(latencytime,LT)、诱发电位持续时间(durationtime,DT)并无显著变化;3d时,面神经电图各项指标均有显著性变化,LT上升,其余指标有所下降;7～15d时各指标较对照组差别达最大;30d时,仅AM,SM指标降低;60d时面神经电图各项指标均大致恢复正常。结论:兔颌面部爆炸伤后面神经电图有明显改变,随损伤后不同时间,各指标有显著差异;兔爆炸性面神经损伤的面神经电图改变模型有一定临床价值,能直观地观察损伤后面神经功能的变化,并有效地评估预后。

关键词： 脑电信号   ERD   ERS   运动   EEG   神经生理学   MI   事件   同步   计算机接口  

摘要： 脑电信号所包含的频率分量及其变化规律是脑 -计算机接口 (brain computerinterface,BCI)研究的关键之一。事件相关去同步 (event ralateddesynchronization ,ERD) 同步现象 (event relatedsynchronization ,ERS)则是确定EEG频带的基本方法。本文在事件相关现象的神经生理学原理的基础上 ,利用传统计算方法 ,提出简单而有效的ERD ERS波形的拓扑图法 ;并且对比应用基于匹配追踪法的分解参数 ,采用平均时间 -频率能量分布图的方法 ,研究ERD ERS规律。分析实际运动想象脑电MI-EEG时 ,两种方法的结论可以互相验证 ,也体现了各自的优点。

关键词： 理论与实践   夹脊穴   背针   脊神经   手太阳小肠经   膀胱经   督脉   脊髓型颈椎病   神经生理学   脊柱相关疾病  

关键词： neurophysiology   magnetoencephalography (MEG)   electroencephalography (EEG)   neuroimaging   brain   physiological measures   microdevices   e-health  

摘要： This commentary is a response to Interacting with Computers (Vol 14)-[Interacting Comput. 14 (2002) 119], [Interacting with Comput. 14 (2002) 141], [Interacting Comput. 14 (2002) 93]. Its aim is to discuss the role that neurophysiological measurements, such as EEG and MEG, may play in affective computing. The discussion is drawn upon the light of current experience and practice, as well as, advances envisaged in the fields of health informatics, telecommunications and biomedical engineering. It is explained why HCI research into interface evaluation and affective computing may be greatly enhanced by exploiting the underlying information of neurophysiological recordings. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： 大脑   神经生理学   智力开发   中学   生物教学   教学参考  

关键词： 植物生理学   实验   教学改革  

摘要： 对以往植物生理学实验教学中存在的问题,从教学观念的改变等四个方面进行了探讨与改革,实验教学质量有明显提高,取得了一定的成效。